Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the main scientific approaches to the study of security in foreign and domestic works. Security is understood differently for every country and every person. The security problems in Europe are not the same as those in sub-Saharan Africa. While in the first case we are talking about problems associated with terrorism and migration flows, in the second case - with the problems of hunger and ethno-religious violence. Various approaches to the concept of security, whether too broad or too narrow, explore one particular aspect of security: for traditional security, it is the protection of the state; for human security, it is the protection of the individual. All concepts of security, whether ecological or informational, are interconnected, and the emerging "non-traditional" concepts of security are becoming increasingly important security can be defined as freedom from all kinds of threats (physical, economic, social, political and psychological) to the existence and survival of the state, the human race and other living beings. Theories and perspectives such as idealism, realism, neoliberalism and constructivism have treated the meaning of security in different ways. The traditional view of security before and during the Cold War, which focuses on protecting the state from threats to national interests, has expanded since the end of the Cold War. Security discussions now include issues such as economic security, environmental security, food security, and personal security, among others. In addition, various schools of thought have emerged that explain security differently than the traditional concept. In particular, we can distinguish such security schools as the Welsh, Paris and Copenhagen. Despite the existence of various ideas explaining what security is and how best to guarantee the security of states and individuals, the world is still inherently insecure.

Keywords: National security, threats, personal security, state security, Copenhagen School, Parisian school, Welsh school, safty, security, social studies

References:
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Malec M. Security Perception: Within and Beyond the Traditional Approac

Abstract: Dalai Lama notes that the Buddhist system of the objects of the realm largely coincides with such developed by Karl Popper. The subject of this article is ontology of the three worlds. The goal lies in analysis of the components of this ontology, demonstration of its prospects and advantages over dualism. First come matter or physical objects; second come mind, subjective reality; third come abstract concepts. Any object of reality is reduced to one of the three worlds and is refracted in a peculiar way in the other two. The third world is the mediator between others worlds; and the autonomous sphere that is not fully conditioned by them. We experience through representations, rather than directly, which is depicted in Buddhism as the image of a gloved hand. The knowledge concentrated in the third world contribute to development of consciousness. A thought experiment with the central and peripheral atoms reveal that there are no indivisible elements and everything exists in mutually dependent, while Buddhist logic substantiates that love and compassion can develop boundlessly. The concept of interdependent existence and non-substantiality of things draws Buddhism and quantum physics closer together. On the one hand, consciousness cannot be naturalized, reduced to matter; and on the other hand, it is inextricable from the energy processes. The conclusion is made that the three fundamental attributes of consciousness in Buddhism outlined by Thubten Gyats (13th Dalai Lama) – subjectivity, intentionality, and reflexivity, can be complemented by another two –  ability to continuously develop virtues, positive traits, and t interdependence between consciousness and subtle forms of matter. The three realms of Buddhism are such only on the phenomenal level; however, on the noumenal level, which unlike Buddhism is not recognized by Popper, is not the trinity, but the unity.

Keywords: absolute reality, relative reality, three worlds, abstract concepts, consciousness, matter, evolution, interdependence, energy, Buddhist philosophy

References:
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Popper K. R. Neokonchennyy poisk. Int

Abstract: This article reviews the prospect of creation of the new worldview using the organic philosophy. Methodological capabilities of the various philosophical paradigms in formation of image of the living world are analyzed. At the same time, organic philosophy is considered as a system of knowledge, intellectual tradition that focuses attention on the functional wholeness of the real objects and laws of the living nature. It refers to the need for creative cognition of the world that suggests the unity of human reason, imagination and experience. The author reveals the scientific potential of organic philosophy that allows examining all the multiplicity of national cultural paradigms reflected in the various intellectual traditions. The study analyzes the contradictions in the mechanistic worldview and the methods of their solution in organic philosophy. The author substantiates the purposefulness of referring to organic philosophy in the area of formation of the new scientific methodology oriented towards the synthesis of natural scientific and humanitarian knowledge. The article demonstrates the integrating potential of organic philosophy, its ability to unite the diverse forms of world cognition trough the phenomenon of life. Within the image of living world, organic philosophy allows using the combination of dynamicity of cognitive activity with the static character of spiritual ideals. Herewith, the dynamicity of cognition is revealed through the individual experience of one or another fragment of reality. Image of the living world is formed on the basis of the principle of wholeness – concordance between the various forms of cognition, intellectual and cultural traditions, as realization of the broader view of the world.

Keywords: knowledge, Paradigm of Organic Philosophy, science, world picture, art, methodology, life, creativity, equipment, Holizm

References:
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Aristotel' Metafizika. Perevod s greches

Abstract: The object of this article is the peculiarities of the global cosmopolitan world, while the subject is its anthropological aspect. The author traces the similarity and difference, positive and negative sides of the process of globalization and cosmopolitanization, the demand of the latter by the modern realities, correlation, as well as correlation between the local, cosmopolitan, and global. The work examines the influence of global values and cosmopolitan worldview upon the individual and collective consciousness and sphere of ethnicity. The author also explores the effect of the processes of unification, and standardization, homogenization upon the existence of an individual and society, as well as reveals the influence of orientations of the consumer society on the changes of anthropological nature. The scientific novelty consists in the number of positions: 1) globalization and cosmopolitism as the universal phenomena meet the demand of the modern development; 2) both, globalization and cosmopolitanism contain risks, which infuse them with ambivalence, the manifestations of which depend on specificity of the context – historical and social.

Keywords: Internet, identity, locality, homogenity, universality, generality, cosmopolitanism, globalization, individual, social networks

References:
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Abstract: The subject of this study is the concept of existential security as a a basis of formation of a new paradigm of thinking. The object of the study is the features and principles of developing the cognitive paradigm of existential security. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the subject and subjective sides of existential safety as an objective phenomenon and the phenomenon of collective consciousness. Analysis of culturological and socio-philosophical works shows that the anthropogenic source of existential threats is human thinking deprived of spiritual, moral and humanistic values as life priorities. It is concluded that reformation of the paradigm of human thinking creates the need to develop a cognitive paradigm that would integrate semantic security structures and constitutive social practices preventing threats to human existence on the basis of life values. In his research the author has used culturological and axiological approaches and content analysis of postmodern philosophy array of works that represent the problem of mankind's survival in globalized threats. The novelty of the research lies in the fundamental features of the new cognitive paradigm. This is the appeal to ontological security basics and the existence of mankind as the marginal value of being; orientation to the future; integrated, multidisciplinary coverage of security issues with access to valuable bases as the key regulative human thinking, behaviour and activity. At the end of the article the author concludes that the cognitive paradigm of existential security is a set of ideas, fundamental knowledge, values, methodological approaches and samples of cognitive solutions that create the integral knowledge of the threats to human existence and ways to overcome them. The study of existential security as a paradigm of knowledge offers the prospect of development of methods of humanitarian and socio-cultural procedures practical solution to the problem of mankind's survival.

Keywords: existential security, values, meanings, human existence, threat, society, sustainable development, cognitive paradigm, phenomena of security, mankind's survival

References:
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Dobronosova Yu. D. Reab³l³tats³ya t³lesnost³ ta zasadi praktich

Abstract: The translation of the scientific article is devoted to research of life and research activity of the Jesuit Afanasius Kirkher (1602 – 1680) - the German scientist –polymath, the inventor, "the scientist with world reputation", to the universal genius in the history of science: in cultural areas, divinity and different "innovative" activity which hasn't equal on completeness and universality of scientific knowledge. Kirkher was at the same time the inventor, the composer, the geographer, the geologist, the Egyptologist, the historian, the traveler, the philosopher, the owner of one of the first public museums, the physicist, the mathematician, the astronomer, the archeologist and the author more than 40 large published works. Article represents first and the fullest scientific translation from German in Russia of the published scientific research devoted to the scientist - to the theologian from the quarterly magazine "Borderline Researches in the field of Science" which is the edition of institute with the similar name of theologians and psychologists of area of SouthernTyrol in Austria (Innsbruck) [1] devoted to research of the interdisciplinary areas designated in terms of the Russian science as paranormal areas of consciousness and mentality. The translation meets a lack in the history of science of multilateral research activity of the outstanding scientist as Kirkher as Newton, Boyle, Leibniz and Descartes' contemporary, didn't take the lawful place in the history of scientific knowledge for the reason that owing to the ability of anticipation in due time as the Jesuit and the theologian he tried to combine some provisions of the Bible and secular, scientific gnoseology in a uniform view of the world. With considerable delay the scientific world recognized an unilaterality only traditionally - the scientific point of view on a peace arrangement and began to give more and more attention in the history of science to that scientists who aspired to the most complete idea of space and earthly world order.

Keywords: Organum Mathematicum, Musurgia Universalis, Magnes SIVE de, inventor of musical devices, mechanic and theorician of music, expert in Oriental and Egyptian studies, astronomer, theologist and inventor, German polymath, Athanasius Kircher

References:
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Studiya «Kircheriana». // Skripta minora: mezhdunarodnye issledovaniya. Afanasiy Kirkher. Nauchno-issledovatel'skoe ob'edinenie. Visbaden-Kel'n. «Ed del' Mondo».-1974.
Rivozechchi Valerio Ekzotika v Rime perioda Barokko: uchenie padre Kirkhera. Rim: «Bul'yoni».-1982.
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Magiya znaniy: Afanasus Kirkher (1602 – 1680)-erudit s bogatoy fantaziey. Dettel'bakh. Izdatel' Dzh. Kh. Roell-. 2002.
Lian Ignasio de Gomes Afanasiy Kirkher (1602-1680). Marshrut del' EXTA. Madrid. «Ediss'enes Siruella».-1986.
Leynkauf Tomas «Mundus combinatus».

Abstract: This article uses the methodology of a systematic approach, according to which a crisis is exacerbation of the contradictions between disparate elements found in systemic unity. The crisis is one of the stages in the formation of cyclic systems in which humans are involved. The aggravation of the contradiction comes about as the result of inadequate conceptualisations which guide us, a gap between subjective and objective ability which we overcome with the help of our worldview. The gap between subjective and objective is overcome only by means of an adequate system of representation; that is, through a systemic weltanschauung.

Keywords: crisis, man, systemic unity, dualism, interaction, truth, adequacy, systemic worldview

References:
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Kondrat'ev