Abstract: The subject of the article is a mass psychology of B.P. Vysheslavtsev. This is a socio-philosophical conception, which created by Vysheslavtsev through the synthesizing of German classical philosophy, neo-Kantianism, Russian religious philosophy and analytical psychology. He developed the mass psychology in close collaboration with C.G. Jung by his direct order. The mass psychology, despite the heterogeneity of its foundations, became an organic continuation of analytical psychology. Moreover, there is reason to suppose that Vysheslavtsev's socio-philosophical and religious ideas influenced all of Jung’s later work. The main method used was a comparative analysis of the ideas of Vysheslavtsev and Jung, as well as a critical interpretation of the original sources, including unpublished archival materials — letters and manuscripts. The novelty lies in the fact that previously the mass psychology of Vysheslavtsev eluded the attention of researchers. This is primarily due to the inaccessibility of sources on this issue, since some of them are either not published and stored in archives, including the Bakhmeteff Archive (Columbia University in the City of New York) and C.G. Jung Papers Collection (ETH Zurich University Archive), or was published in rare foreign journals and not translated into Russian. At the same time, without these sources it is difficult to understand not only the evolution of Vysheslavtsev’s views, but also the logic and reasons for the development of Jung’s ideas from the 1940s to his death. Thus, this article is intended to partially replenish these gaps in the history of Russian and European philosophy and psychology.

Keywords: the self, social philosophy, society evolution, individuation, Russian religious philosophy, mass psychology, analytical psychology, Carl Gustav Jung, Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev, Christ image

Abstract: This article discusses the causes of current interest in conspiratorial explanations, called by the author a conspiracy discourse. In the latter, he defines interpretation of the problem as plot of a particular malign subject, debunker of such plot, and audience of the debunker. The three main causes of interests in conspiratorial explanations are highlighted: simple cause-and-effect explanations of complex phenomena, propensity to the values of mistrust and conflict, opportunity to use conspiracy discourses for technological purposes. The author attributes conspiracy knowledge to humanities and social, and thus, discusses the criteria of their efficiency and objectivity. The article implements the following research methodology: articulation of the problem, situational and comparative analyses, reconstruction and interpretation of texts, structuring of concepts. As a result, the author was able to characterize the conspiracy discourse, justify the current scientific and cultural interest to it, and causes of such interests, as well as connect these causes with the current situation. The article views conspiracy movement as an intrinsic aspect of modern state of our civilization that undergoes a deep crisis.

Keywords: conspiracy, audience, knowledge, interpretation, explanation, conspiracy thesis, discourse, conflict, distrust, objectivity

Abstract: The subject of this research is the personalistic intention in European theism of the XIX century in the context of anthropological turn. The article examines such trends of European theism of the XIX century as German post-Hegelian theism, French spiritualism, Spanish theism introduced by Unamuno, Russian spiritual-academic theism. It is demonstrated that the European theism of the XIX century as a philosophy of the period of anthropological turn is characterized with personalism: interpretation of personality as an individual substance in the context of its dialogical and value aspects; a more existential interpretation of personality was possible. Special attention is paid to the essence of anthropological turn and personalism in its context. Anthropological turn is viewed in light of Heidegger’s philosophy as structuring philosophy on the basis of natural sciences and psychology. It means that the human Self becomes individually substantial, and acquires psychological, dialogical and value dimensions. The philosophy of European theism of the XIX century is examines in this context, however, emphasis is made on explanation of personalism as a reflection of personality as an individual substance through researching the conditions of being and conditions for-self-being, and meaning of any being for other creatures. The scientific novelty consists in viewing personalistic intention on European theism of the XIX century in the context of anthropological turn, as well as in substantiation of the existence of personalistically oriented trend in European theism of the XIX century, which was represented by Lotze, Teichmüller, and Russian spiritual-academic theists. Maine de Biran and Bergson, who dedicated major attention to psychological method, did not substantiate personalism.

Keywords: person, value, dialogueism, individually-substantial I, anthropological turn, European theism, personalism, substance, Orthodox personology, spiritualism

Abstract: The subject of this research is the ancient theory of action in its Aristotelian and early-Stoic versions. The author examines the role of the truth of assertions of an actor in these theories, as well as draws parallel with the modern approaches to the philosophy of action. It is demonstrated that Aristotelian theory leans on the prerequisite that aspirations of a person originate in the irrational parts of soul, and thus reason carries out only a regulatory function in managing human actions. Stoic theory, in turn, suggests that reason exercises an initiating function. The research methodology contains historical method of reconstruction with reference to primary sources in the Ancient Greek language. The main conclusion of the conducted research lies in determination of the two paradigmatic traditions in description of the structure of action that is of high degree of rationalization, and as a result, difference in assessment of the meaning of truth of assertions of an actor for his successful activity. The novelty consists in drawing connection between the ancient theories of action and modern approaches in this field of knowledge.

Keywords: theoretical reason, judgment, Stoics, Aristotle, truth, cognitivism, ancient philosophy, practical reason, аction, ethics

Abstract: This article explores the creation of the image of a Soviet woman within the Soviet cinematography. The subject of this research is the female image formed by the Russian cinematography at certain stages and its dynamics. The author suggest understanding of the image of woman as a combination of sensible images, which include representations on the place, role, functions, traits that are potentially common to her, but are yet to be formed and realized. Detailed analysis of the films of the early XX century allows examining creation of the female image, the expectations, moods, perceptions of the future presented in the films, as well as tracing the correlation between semantic content and its visualization. Due to the fact that the image was designed gradually, the author considered the key social and political factors that affected its creation and found reflection within it. Special contribution of the author into the research of this topic consists in demonstration of a relatively holistic image of a Soviet woman in cinematography, which was comprise bit by bit and transformed, meeting the challenges, demands and needs of society and the state.  

Keywords: film analysis, female movement, «new woman», image of a soviet woman, image of a woman, image, Soviet cinema, cinema, representation of a female image, gender research

Abstract: This article analyzes the origins of one of the core problems of philosophical-aesthetic thought of N. Berdyaev – the philosophy of beauty. Importance of the phenomenon of beauty for the formation of its aesthetic concepts and worldview overall is demonstrated. The author determines the main sources that determines the heightened interests towards the phenomenon of beauty, which affected the peculiarities of solution of this problem. Considering the defining character of Berdyaev’s personal and emotional attitude to the surrounding beauty, major attention is given to revelation of this source as most significant for understanding the entire further evolution of his philosophical-aesthetical thought as a whole, as well as establishment of the philosophy of beauty in particular. Therefore, the article reviews a number of life circumstances that defined his aesthetic development, which in the end leads to the fact that the aesthetic component becomes paramount in his worldview, and beauty turns into a universal criteria of assessing other diverse phenomena. The study carries a holistic character, being at the intersection of aesthetics, philosophy, culturology, biographical genre, which determines the applied complex historical-philosophical and philosophical-culturological methodology. This article is first attempt within the national literature to examine and reconstruct the origins of Berdyaev’s aesthetic evolution. The author reveals the key role of the problematic of beauty not only on formation of his aesthetic concept, but philosophical thought overall. Analysis is conducted on the source of Berdyaev’s aesthetic views that drastically affected the development of his philosophy of beauty.

Keywords: metaphysics, beauty of Italy, beauty of nature, the crisis, philosophy, literature, beginnings, aestheticism, contemplation, beauty

Abstract: This article is dedicated to comprehension of aesthetic concept of the Russian poet Georgy Ivanov, reflected in “Disintegration of the Atom” and his poems of later period. “Disintegration of the Atom” is perceived as an attempt of creating the manifest of Russian modernism that in a lyrical form interprets views of the poet upon the crisis of art of the early XX century and way of overcoming it. Unlike José Ortega y Gasset, who formulated the key principle of art in Western modernism as “dehumanization”, i.e. renunciation of mimesis, and huts the meaning (article “Dehumanization of Art), Georgy Ivanov sees the only opportunity for overcoming the crisis of art in preservation of human content therein. The scientific novelty of this work consists in carrying out the first within Russian aesthetics analysis of Georgy Ivanov’s “Disintegration of the Atom” in the context of Western modernism, as well as in outlining his aesthetic concept that is based on synthesis of the ironic and lyrical beginnings, in other word, reflection about the form, rationalized thoughts of the artist on the existence.

Keywords: dehumanization, sense, music, lyrics, irony, modernism, The desintegration of atom, poetry, the crisis of art, the new harmony