Abstract: The subject of this research is subjectivity: this quite uncertain on the topic and notion connotation is revealed with regards to its ontological status; for these purposes, subjectivity is being reduced to its origins, which include the conditions of initiation, possession, orgiastic festivities, etc. Within the logical field, subjectivity is correlated to “aspiration”, including modification of desire (also psychoanalytical) and “realization” (phenomenology). The modern developments of problematics of the “body” and its connection to the space and time are taken into account. The method of research is linked to the analysis and historical reconstruction of the notions of “body”, time, and Other; the “subject” is viewed in its internal substantiation, which acquires in history an adaptive status, but not originating out of it. Scientific novelty of the conducted research consists in the proof that genesis of subjectivity is justified by initial transformation of attraction to the motive (involvement). Motive (intention) is directed not by the object (stimulus), but its being (realistically-existing). Being is revealed as a game of transition of embodiment into the subject of unembodiment (in motivation).

Keywords: Being, subjectivity, subject, individual, body, motive, commitment, involvement, space, time

Abstract: This article explores the problem of understanding of history as integrity in the perspective of metaphysical and post-metaphysical historico-philosophical reflection. The author determines the main approaches towards the problem of unity of the history, as well as analyzes interpretations and solutions of this problem presented in the works of Hegel, B. Croce, L. Karsavin, O.Spann, and P. Veyne. A special attention is given to the analysis and comparison of the various ways of understanding of the unity of historical process in the context of classical philosophy of history. The author distinguishes the notions of the “integrity of history” and the “completeness of history”; it is demonstrated that the apprehension of history as integrity is possible without implying the idea of the “completeness of history”. In the context of classical (metaphysical) philosophy of history, the unity of the historical process is provided due to the differentiation of the two levels of historical events: ontological history, which identifies with the logic of history, and the empirical history. In post-metaphysical philosophy, the possibility of conceptual understanding of the world history as integrity is denied; what is accepted, is just the multiplicity of unrelated events.

Keywords: History as a totality, philosophy of history, metaphysics, post-metaphysical philosophy, the historical process, epistemology of history, The World History, substantialism, theory of history, Methodology of History

Abstract: The subject of this research is the theory of the “struggle for recognition” of Axel Honneth, a prominent representative of the modern liberal thought. This work explores the main idea of Axel Honneth’s theory, in which he mentions about the existence of the three spheres of dimension within the phenomenon of recognition – existence as an emotional, normative (ideological-rational), and social recognition. We should note that this topic carries a relevant character in the modern philosophy and is examined by many scholars in Russia and abroad. The main conclusion consists in the actualization of the problematics presented by Axel Honneth. Unfortunately, the modern Russian philosophy does not give due attention to this subject of study, although in the West the problem of recognition is a very popular, as well as one of the most debatable topics today.

Keywords: Axel Honneth, The struggle for recognition, Political philosophy, Philosophy of Freedom, Modern philosophy, Liberal philosophy, Confession, Social philosophy, Justice, The philosophy of justice

Abstract: The subject of study of the proposed article is a philosophy of religion G. W. F. Hegel and F. Nietzsche in the aspect of comparative analysis. The basic material of research are the "Lectures on the philosophy of religion" G.V.F. Hegel and "Antichrist" Friedrich Nietzsche. The author considers the problem of God, Christianity and atheism in the philosophies of the two German thinkers. The article identified both common and differing points in the positions of philosophers on the religious worldview. The article uses the methods of comparative philosophy, germnevtiki and deconstruction, methods of ontological and historical philosophical studies. The main conclusion of the research is the thesis of the existence of common trends in the G.V.F. Hegel and Nietzsche approach to the basic problems of the philosophy of religion. The novelty of the research lies in the explication of the ontological aspects of philosophical understanding of religion in the teachings of philosophers. What is new is the position of the transgression as a dominant ontological perspective ontological doctrines of Hegel and Nietzsche.

Keywords: transgression, transcendence, Hegel, Nietzsche, religion, God, Christianity, atheism, being, ontology

Abstract: This article examines the concept of ressentiment introduced by Friedrich Nietzsche, which was later developed within the humanitarian thought. The idea of ressentiment covers a complex of anthropological and socio-cultural phenomena, which concern the “dark” aspects of the human nature, prohibited by public morality, but nevertheless expanding in the society in a form of envy, hate, revenge, animosity, rivalry, and other negative feelings, perception and behavior. In order to cognize ressentiment, the author explores various aspects of Nietzsche’s philosophical doctrine, which allows him to look at that phenomenon in the broader perspective, as well as analyze its true scale. The article reveals the evristical value of the notion of “ressentiment”, which consists in its ability to describe the reality of a human from the position of his ontological and existential characteristics in comparison with the narrow-descriptive categories that hold a stable place in humanitarian sciences. The ressentiment represents not just a combination of phenomena, but an integral modus of the human being and humanity. The article demonstrated that the cognition of the negative manifestation of human flaws becomes deeper and more meaningful: their genesis and hidden sides are being revealed, as well as an in-depth correlation that consists in the belonging to the unified core of the cultural-historical establishment of a human.

Keywords: resentment, Nietzsche, the nature of man, the will to power, mizantropologiya, hatred, envy, mass society, decadence, neurosis

Abstract: This article presents the reasoning on the state of the modern Russian philosophy based on the analysis of the third volume of the ontology “Who Makes Contemporary Philosophy in Russia” compiled by A. S. Nilogov. The author underlines the polyphony of the contemporary Russian thought that functions alongside philosophy: linguistics, literature studies, mathematics, music, political science, psychology, publicity, semiotics, sociology, futurology, etc. The prospects of the harmonious Russian thought in the context of modern culture are being determined. Methodology of this research is based on the analysis of opinions of the separate thinkers, as well as on determination of the general conceptual space of the modern Russian thought. The author makes the following conclusions: 1. The contemporary Russian thought does not represent a unified conceptual space; 2. A slight connection to the classical Russian philosophy is being detected; 3. Majority of the authors are concerned about the linguistic issues as the main problems of philosophy; 4. The author’s contribution consists in the fact that he was able to combine various conceptual lines of the modern intellectual space of Russia.

Keywords: modern Russian philosophy, philosophical community, philosophical culture, human, language, semiotics, political discourse, anthropological discourse, philosophy and culture, social mission of philosophy