Abstract: In her article Gordova offers to create a catalogue of proper names that are used in a particular region. The process of creating such a catalogue directly relates to structuring of onomastic material and principles of its sorting in the list. The subject of the research is the regional catalogue of toponyms, its contents and structure. The author also gives a review of the most demanded catalogues of proper names, defines the main criteria of the toponymic catalogue, sources, principles of the material handling, set of conventional signs, and research potential. The study is based on the analysis of the list of toponyms that are used in the Ryazan Region and include geographical names of different time periods and categories. Gordova describes the methodology for creating a special onomastic list as a result of collecting, processing, and systematization of proper names taken from different types of sources or during field researches. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that Gordova develops a structure of the catalogue. Toponyms are given in the form of a structured list, in the geographical order, with the location of placenames and microtoponyms with reference to hyndronyms and indexes of a relevant hydronym, in the order of presenting the material from the outfall to the source, and accompanied with the determination of distinct corpuses of proper names within the basins of rivers of this or that region. The method offered by the author may be applied to the analysis of toponymy of any region of Russia that has a developed river system. 

Keywords: geographical maps, field gathering materials, onomastic catalogue, statistical documents, regional onomastics, onomastic text, historical onomastics, onomastics of the lands of Ryazan, toponymy of Russia, Onomastics

Abstract: The authors of the article analyze the contribution of a Yakut writer Sofron Danilov to the development of prose in general and Yakut literary writing in particular. Sofron Danilov created a unique lyrico-dramatic style. As a writer and master of psychological analysis, he created original images of his contemporaries. Sofron Danilov had a true gift for literary criticism. Insightfully and on a scientific ground Sofron Danilov investigated works of classical Yakut authors and described peculiarity of their creative writing. Sofron Danilov paid much attention to journalism and tried to describe the most nettlesome issues of those times to his contemporaries through his writing, this is why was perceived both as a writer and philosopher. The methodological basis of this research includes fundamental works of M. Bakhtin, M. Lomunova, A.Myreeva, D. Vasilieva, and G. Philippova. To achieve the research targets, the authors of this article has applied methods of empirical and theoretical research (comparative historical and theoretical analysis). The main conclusions of the research are the following:  Sofron Danilov was the first one to introduce the terms 'polyphony' and 'monologue' into the Yakut prose narration. He was the author of the first Yakut socio-psychological novel 'The Heartbeat' in which he depicted the life of the society at the turn of the 1950s - 60s (the so-called thaw period). He was a famous author of novels and short stories. Sofron Danilov was the founder of a new style, new prose and thus had a great impact on the development of the Yakut literature, many writers called him teache. Sofron Danilov's creative works were highly appraised by critics and theorists of literature and he was a famous author in his country.

Keywords: jornalism, image, criticism, character, psychological analysis, style, hero’s inner world, monologue, genre, prose

Abstract: The article is devoted to the typological analysis of proprial vocabulary used in such multi-structural languages as the French and Buryat languages. The aim of the research is to define universal and specific features of national anthroponymicons and their functional content that reflects specific national features and properties of the language system. Linguocultural aspect of studying proprial vocabulary satisfies the needs of contrastive linguistics and the need to adequately understand and transmit information through cross-cultural communication, translation of socio-political and fiction literature as well as growing demands of teaching foreign languages when the language is taught in close connection with the culture of the country. The research methods include comparative analysis that studies languages disregarding the country of their origin in oder to define similarities and differences in their structures and expressive means used to describe the same phenomena as well as methods of etimological and component analysis that illustrate both general nomination patterns and national cultural specifics of the language. The results of the typological analysis prove the thesis that appelative grounds in the majority of nations have universal nomination patterns. At the same time, proprial vocabulary of each language has its own specific national and cultural semantics that is an important component of national cultural associations. 

Keywords: French, anthropoformants, specific features, morphological structure, stratigraphy, universals, national and ethnic anthroponymy, crosscultural communication, typology, Buryat

Abstract: The subject of this research is the translation of oil and gas terms from English and Spanish to Russian. The object of the research is non-equivalent words which translation is analyzed by the author to define the most efficient means of equivalence achievement. The author focuses on oil and gas terms because this is the most demanded translation domain today while there are very few specialized guidelines or vocabularies on the matter which makes the translation and editting even more difficult. In her research Semenova has used the comparison method, continuous sampling, linguistic translation and statistical analysis and generalisation. The methodological basis of the research is the theory of equivalence and adequacy in translation. The  main result of the research is the overview of statistical data obtained through comparative analysis of means used to translate non-equivalent gas and oil terms in the process of translation from English and Spanish to Russian. The novelty of the reserach is the conclusion that a translator should base choose particular translation means based on the grammatical system of the source language and target language as well as peculiarities of an individual term and contextual surrounding. Semenova also demonstrate that English terms are often translated using the modulation method while Spanish terms are often used using grammatical transformations. 

Keywords: terminology, non-equivalent words, translation equivalence, transformations, Russian language, Spanish language, English language, specialized translation, oil and gas industry, methods of translation

Abstract: The subject of this research is the lexical layer of modern Chinese. The object of this research is the so-called vasey-kango, Japanese lexical units borrowed at the beginning of the XXth century. The aim of this research is to discuss functions of Japanese vocabulary that underwent the reverse borrowing and was fixed in the lexical system of modern Chinese. The authors of the article analyze the process of linguistic borrowing as well as the role of this vocabulary for the development of Chinese society at certain periods of history. The research is based on the continuous sampling method, description and comparison. The authors also give examples of Japanese borrowings in the Chinese language with the translation to the Russian language and define peculiarities of functions of vasey-kango in the lexical system of the Chinese language. The results of this research can be used to study the vocabulary of modern Chinese and to teach it as well as to create study materials.  

Keywords: mastering, lexico-semantic, cross-language influence, lexical borrowing, vasey-kango, lexicology, Japanese, Meiji period, chinese, Qing Dynasty

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes existential mofits of death, in particular, the 'funny death' motif, in an incomplete novel of Vladimir Nabokov 'The Original of Laura'. The researcher offers a new approach to the interpretation of the novel and description of the problems covered by Vladimir Nabokov therein as a result of a better focus on theoretical and literary surroundings of the writer's creative work. The 'funny death' concept acquires new connotations, thus completing the idea of self-destruction and 'ironic' methods of death. The scientific novelty and purpose of the research is to carry out a conceptual analysis of individual, stylistic and semantic features. The research targets also include a detailed description of Vladimir Nabokov's grotesque motifs and importance of these motifs in modern studies of Nabokov's literature, in particular, intertextual accordances in a text that has been read. The novelty of interpretation is the methodological approach offered by the author. The approach includes structural semiotic and linguopoetical, conceptual and systems approaches. The aim of this article is to trace back the continuity of 'informidable' death motifs and their parodic transformation in Vladimir Nabokov's incomplete novel. The scientific novelty of the research is that the author interprets 'funny death' as a function of incantation, negotiation, self-suggestion in the face of death fear. As the author of the article demonstrates that the keynote idea of the novel is the writer's concept of creativity and immortality. 

Keywords: novel, poetics, parogy, autoreflection, intertext, existence, Vladimir Nabokov, mortal motifs, funny death, Laura

Abstract: This article is devoted to the description of methods, principles and results of audit analysis of television debates that involved candidates for the Head of the Fifth Republic during election campaigns of 2012 and 2017. The aforesaid analysis is a component of a full research of pre-election TV debates in order to define their phonostylistic features at the supra-segment level. The aim of this experiment is to verify a supposition about intonational emphasis that uses the main prosodiac features (melodics, volume and pause) expressed by lexical units and stylistic devices that constitute two opposing semantic complexes as the basis for political speeches. The research provides data obtained using the auditor survery. Based on the example of one speech utterance, the author of the article demonstrates the process of audit analysis. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the results of audit analysis prove the conclusions made in the course of lexical-semantic-stylistic analysis with psycholinguistic elements as well as experiment for subjective audit symbolism. These results prove a special intonational emphasis of pre-election TV debates. 

Keywords: television debates, supra-segment level, phono-stylistic features, intonational emphasis, prosodic design, audit analysis, auditory analysis, melodics, volume, pause

Abstract: The subject of the research is the characteristics of lacunarity in military vocabulary. The aim of the research is to describe a group of Russian-English verbal lacunaes depending on thematic and typological principles and to define the degree of lacunarity of such a group. The results of the research has allowed to describe characteristics of a typological classification of interlanguage lacunaes in the military vocabulary. The results can be used in teaching Russian and English as native and foreign languages as well as during theoretical and practical sessions of translations to be made by military students. In the course of the research the author has used the following methods: the continuous sampling method to select the language sample from lexicographical sources, the method of comparative analysis and the method of quantitative research. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author defines a list of lacuna characteristics in a group of military verbal lacunaes. The results of the research demonstrate a large degree of the nominative representability of a group of part-of-speech verbs as well as describe a list of characteristics for associated levels and steps. It is important to define characteristics of the classification of aforesaid verbal lacunaes to compare national features of lacunaes with different part-of-speech reference within the military discourse.  

Keywords: denotative extention, typological classification, specificity, lacuna characteristics, military sphere, Russian-English verbal lacunae, levels of lacunae, steps of lacunae, disjunction, conjunction

Abstract: The subject of the research is the approaches to the analysis of anti-migration discourse. The aim of the research is the universal nature of the mechanism of information processing during perception of anti-migration discourse texts. The author of the article tries to extend the currently used method of analysing anti-migration discourse. The main approaches to a fuller analysis implies critical discourse-analysis and evolutionary psychology. The traditional methods are extended by taking into account the impact of heuristic rules of conclusion making which is a new approach to such research. The research is based on the analysis of media texts. The analysis has such stages as the determination of a key topos, means of the ideological square realisation through semantic analysis, analysis of discursive strategies taking into account the historical environment, reconstruction of a set of socio-pragmatic presupposition. The scientific novelty of the research is that the author synthesizes the practices of traditional philological analysis taking into account the socio-historical environment, critical discourse-analysis, cognitive and evolutionary psychology. The author offers her own analysis structure in order to demonstrate the universal nature of mental constructs that ensure the achievement of communication targets when knowingly erroneous argumentation is applied. 

Keywords: discursive strategy, heuristics rules, manipulative argumentation, topos, mental scheme, critical discourse-analysis, anti-immigration discourse, political discourse, perlocution effect, ideological square

Abstract: The author of this article discusses the motive of exile from the poetological and culturological points of view based on the example of Valerij Perelesin's poetry of the emigrant period of his creative writing. The researcher focuses on such topics as nostalgia about the first motherland, Russia, accompying his analysis with the analysis of other motives such as pilgrimage, foreign land and enthusiasm or interest towards exotic culture of Perelesin's second and third motherlands, China and Brazil, their everyday life and aesthetics. The aim of this research is to carry out linguopoetical analysis of the 'exile' motive and its lexical equivalents in the lyrical experience of the poet. Perelesin's lyrical hero treats twists and turns of life as the force of destiny. In his research the author describes antitheses and symbols that contribute to the author's spiritual quest and creativity as some semiotic signs. The innovative approach of the author is caused by his synthesis of modern literature methods such as conceptual, semantic, linguopoetical, and culturological approaches. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author discusses the individual expression of the emigration phenomenon as overcoming and continuation. The importance and scientific novelty are also caused by the discussion of the cultural exotic component and its creative transformation in the artistic mind of a poet. The idea of the double and triplicate expulsion reconciles the fates of Valerij Perelesin and Vladimir Nabokov. The conclusions of the research are based on the linguopoetical aspect and symbols of Valerij Perelesin's color expression. 

Keywords: China, cultural component, linguistic poetics, emigration, nostalgia, three motherlands, motive of exile, poetry, Valerij Perelesin, Russia

Abstract: The research is devoted to the main genres of business letter that are used at the initial stage of consummation of a deal, these are the advertising letter that promotes products on the market, commercial inquiry and commercial offer of goods or services. The author of the article describes communicative strategies of the aforesaid kinds of business letters aimed at achieving a certain pragmatic effect, i.e. certain communicative impact on a recipient. The author also defines the main intentions in business letters, these are the author's intention to transmit a subjective meaning that is represented by performatory predicates. Analysis of the most frequently used lexical units from the linguistic corpus of 150 non-commercial letters addressed to a foreign recipient allows to define most frequently used language formulas used by Chinese speakers in modern business practice. Strategies of business letters are aimed at achieving the best efficiency of communication which success is defined by the determination of a communicative goal in the shortest time possible (in order to encourage a recipient to act, i.e. provide necessary information, buy a product or use a service. The results of the research conform to the rules of foreign business correspondence with China. 

Keywords: pragmatic impact, advertising, offer, inquiry, commercial letter, business letter, speech act, speech genre, communicative goals, intentions

Abstract: This article is devoted to the problem of using such feature of the metal as 'value' in the Rusisan language picture of the world. The value is interpreted as an experimental sign that is created and exists inseparably with human. The Russian language picture of the world views metal as an element of axiological scale: platinum, gold, silver, bronze are seen as metals of high value and copper, stannum and lead are conceptualized as metals of low value. In everyday life and literature knowledge about these metals are often used as the cognitive basis for describing other objects. In the course of the research the author of the article uses a cognitive definition method that implies determination and description of cognitive features in language materials as well as comparison and linguistic observaton. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that being based on the experimental feature sof metals allows speakers to comprehend other spheres and learn new information. Based on the analysis of the language material carried out the author concludes that the metaphor with the source of 'metal value' is actively used for the demonstration of axiology of different objects which proves the important of this means of qualifying objects and underlines the importance of this kind of metaphor. 

Keywords: metal, metaphor, perceptual sign, experimental sign, language picture of the world, Russian language, cognitive activity, axiological scale, value, source area

Abstract: The 1980s brought drastic changes not only to the politics and economy of China but also literature where a great variety of new tendencies appeared including the so called 'female outbreak'. The object of this research is the Chinese 'women's poetry' of the 1980s. The subject of the research is the literary and critical reception of the phenomenon of the Chinese women's poetry and specific 'gender' features of a number of the most brightest examples of poems written by female poets of that period. In her research the author has applied the historical comparison and regular comparison as research methods which allowed to trace back the changes in the creative writing of Chinese female poets. For the present time Russian sinology does not have special researches of the phenomenon of the Chinese women's poetry. This research introduces literary and critical researches on the women's poetry made by Chinese literary experts as well as new names and literary works of modern Chinese literature. As a result of the research, the author presents a literary and critical reception of the phenomenon of women's poetry based on the analysis of the poems written by Shu Ting, Yi Lei, Lu Yimin and some others. The researcher describes the following singular features of the Chinese 'women's poetry' of the 1980s: the confession-like narration, special focus on the images of the 'black night' and 'black color', the topics of gender relations, the meaning of woman's existence, loneliness and death. 

Keywords: misty poetry, Shu Ting, gender, women's poetry, new period, Chinese literature, China, Yi Lei, Lu Yimin, third generation poets

Abstract: The subject of the research is the analysis of the conjunctive method of connecting words and sentences in the Buryat language compared to the Bargut language. The object of the research is the functions of conjunctions as the main grammar method of connecting words in the Buryat and Bargut languages. The aim of the research is to provide a system description and structure-functino analysis of Buryat and Bargut conjunctions. The authors of the article focus on correspondences, common features and differences of Buryat and Bargut conjunctions represented by two groups of conjunctions: composing and subordinating conjunctions. In their research the authors have applied the descriptive method that implies observation and generalisation as well as the continuous sampling method, comparative method, field processing method and component analysis that demonstrates both general development patterns and specific features of the language. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that Mongolian studies do not particularize conjunctions of sister languages like Buryat and Bargut from the point of view of their similarities and differences. The results of the research can be used to compare historical grammar of Mongolian languages and study the issues of grammar and vocabulary of the modern Buryat and Bargut languages. 

Keywords: subordinating conjunctions, composing conjunctions, lexical meaning, lexics, grammar, syntactic words, Bargut language, Buryat language, grammaticalization, full words

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of speaker's functional roles in a literary text taking into account the functional and semantic contents of the text. The authors of the article view the demonstration and possible variation of a speaker's role in the artistic text, describe the dependence of explication peculiarities on the kind of an utterance's referential structure and associated type of speech. As an example, th eauthors analyze the chapter 'Taman' from Mikhail Lermontov's novel 'A Hero of Our Time' as a flat fiction masterpiece. The methodological basis of the research involves the main provisions of the theory of functional and semantic types of speech. The nature of the research has determined the use of the main method of the structural and semantic description which implies direct observation, analysis, comparison and classification of linguistic factors. The major role is played by the oppositive analysis that allows to compare description texts and narrative texts as well as so called 'reasoning' texts. The researchers describe the connection between speaker's roles and functional and semantic structure of an artistic text. Such approach allows to analyze the functions and roles of a speaker taking into account the general logical basis of the speech types like 'description', 'narration' or 'reasoning' and the nature of an actor that creates the utterance and semantics of predicates. This approach to the analysis of an artistic text demonstrates how the role of a speaker impacts his or her choice of linguistic means, tonality, expressive patterns and means and allows to define the most typical features of a writer idiostyle.

Keywords: subject of consciousness, observer, reasoning text, description text, narrative text, subject of speech, functional and semantic types of speech, speaking, artistic text, writer idiostyle

Abstract: The aim of this research is to study the process of integration of English borrowings into the modern French language from the point of view of morphology. The rationale of the topic is caused by the fact that globalization processes all over the world popularize the English language and, as a consequence, bring a lot of English borrowings into other languages. The subject of the research is the English borrowings in terms of their integration into the modern French language, the author of the article focusing on the main means of their morphological adaptation. The research is based on the lexigographical, descriptive and comparative methods as well as methods of cognitive and morphological analysis and the continuous sampling method. The analysis of English borrowings in modern French has allowed to describe and analyse the main areas of their morphological adaptation to the recipient language. The morphological criterion (as well as lexical-semantic) is the dominating criterion for stating the fact of an English borrowing acquiring the status of the linguistic system of modern French. 

Keywords: Morphological Adaptation of Borrowings, English Language, French Language, Franglais, Franglish, Anglicisms, English Borrowings, Globalization Process, Morphology, Integration of Foreign Borrowings

Abstract: The article is devoted to ekphrasis as a verbal description of an artwork in finction and non-fiction. At the present time pretty much is known about the theory and practical use of ekphrasis. However, we can't say that this area lacks methodological gaps. There are still a lot of questions, in particular, about the definition of ekphrasis. Thus, the subject of this research is the correlation of such categories as 'genre' and 'discourse' in relation to ekphrasis. The aim of the research is to trace back the genesis of ekphrasis and describes prerequisites for transformation of an ancient rythoric exercise into an individual device/genre/discourse. The researcher focuses on the role of ekphrasis as a device/genre and the genre-creating function of an English ekphrasis discourse. As a result of the research, the author describes invariant features of ekphrasis writings and outlines the main genre invariants of an English akphrasis discourse. The results of the research make an important contribution to the further development of theoretical issues that relate to the definitions of ekphrasis genre/discourse and demonstrate the degree of the problem development at the modern stage. 

Keywords: plot generating nature of ekphrasis, ekphrasis functioning, ekphrastic discourse, ekphrastic genre, literary device, rhetorical exercise, description, ekphrasis, invariant features, genre invariants

Abstract: The subject of the research is the journalism of a famous education reformator of the late XIXth - early XXth centuries, teacher, educator, publisher and journalist Ismail Gasprinsky. The newspaper 'Terdjiman' published by Gasprinsky in Crimea can be viewed as an important informative source of that era. For the purposes of this research, Gasprinsky's essays on political, economic and social issues of his era are of particular interest. To write this article, the author has used such methods as comparative historical analysis, historical function, structural-typological and literary-biographical analysis as well as the methods of intertextual and comparative analysis of texts. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the researcher has carried out an analysis of journalistic essays of Gasprinsky who used a great variety of linguistic and stylistic, lexical, morphological, syntax and textual language means and played an important role both for his contemporaries and next generations of readers. 

Keywords: expressiveness, Gasprinsky, analysis, lexemes, author, language, vocabulary, journalism, publicist, poetics

Abstract: The subject of the research is the works of the Russian literature of the newest period. In particular, the author analyzes the words of Zakhar Prilepin (the novels 'Sankya' and 'Shelter', 'Vitek' from the series of novels 'The Eight') and Lyudmila Ulitskaya (her novel 'The Green Canvas'). The article is devoted to the analysis of functionality of names and nicknames of the heroes, the meanings of the names of the main and secondary characters in the prose of Prilepin and Ulitskaya that helped to solve many artistic tasks, such as the conveyance of the author's message, determination of the conceptual grounds of the novel, comparison of the main characters, narration structuring, symbolic and motif structures development. The research methods used by the author include problem analytical and functional approaches combined with the comparative historical method of analysis of literary texts. The methodological and theoretical basis of the research involve dictionaries, encyclopedias, researches of famous literary critics and experts. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author analyzes the works of the newest Russian literature written by understudied authors. The main conclusion of the research is that the important element of the prose of the authors is the game of different modifications and forms of anthroponyms. In the prose of Prilepin's and Ulitskaya's prose a name is a textual dominant that conveys the general conceptual meaning and gives an insight into the author's intention, it also allows to compare the heoroes, to include mythological, biblical or other cultural context that makes the image of the hero complex and profound as real people are. 

Keywords: antonomazy, stylistic, aesthetic, expressive, emotional, social, mythological overtones, anthroponyms, intertextual play, conceptual sense

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of motifs in literary works of J. Albakov. This research proble is viewed as part of the 'motif-and-image' system. The researcher describes the main provisions of the event-related and existence-related approaches to the description of motifs and touches upon an associated problem of the relation between a motif and symbol. The subject of the research is the analysis of particular stages of life that reflect the development of poet's personality. The subject under analysis is the lyrical works of Albakov, the main trends of the development of ideological and thematic orientation, genre peculiarities, poetics and style of Ingush environment from the point of view of modern literary studies. The research is based on empirical methods (observation and comparison) and theoretical methods (comparative history analysis). The aim of the research is to describe the most general themes, ideas and motifs in J. Albakov's poetry. In the course of his research the author has used the comparison and description as the main research methods. The methodological basis of the research includes publicatios of a famous literary critic A. Malsagov. When analysing the poetic texts, the researcher has been able to define national peculiarities of Albakov's perception of the surrounding world and reality, the latter being reflected in his poetry through the ideas and themes he chose as well as genres (tranformation of Ingush literary forms). The novelty of the research is caused by the conclusions made by the author. The conclusions say that the poet had his own singular images and motifs and each motif had a stable set of meanings that were partly inherited by him and partly developed as a result of his long life. Albakov's poetry demonstrated the main trends of the development of Ingush literature of the XXth century, in particular, the search for new expressive means and genres, aspiration for transformation and unique perception of existence. 

Keywords: poetics, thematics, form, idea, motive, theme, style, poetry, motives, images

Abstract: The object of the research is the texts of Anglo Saxon and Russian charms that have one common feature. This feature is the organized word formulas that imply the use of certain verb forms, the latter being the subject of the research. Considering that the structure of charms includes directions, pleas and orders, charms are usually created as imperative mood verbs and charm links are spoken as subjunctive mood verbs. Ancient English of Anglo Saxon charms had its own distinguished features, in particular, the use of verb forms. The peculiarity of the subject has determined the choice of the descriptive method for the analysis including observation, interpretation and generalisation. Based on the comparative analysis of texts, the author of the article has defined similar feature s in the use of verb forms of imperative and subjunctive mood, differences in the future time forms as well as the use of verb forms of perfect and imperfect type in relation to the differences in the system of verb forms of the ancient English and Russian languages. 

Keywords: subjunctive mood, imperative mood, modality, verb forms, charm's patterns, folklore, Russian charms, Anglo Saxon charms, category of aspect, magic genre

Abstract: The subject of the research is the vocabulary with the semantic component 'land', basic tokens of which is the ancient English eorþe and the following semantic units composing the semantic field land, eorþe, folde, turf, grund, æcer and others. The process of the development of the term reflects perception and organisation of the surrounding world in human's mind. The term 'land' is one of the universal language and cultural phenomena in the picture of the world of different nations. Anglo-Saxon charms is the source that allows to achieve the research targets and establish representation of land as an important frament of the picture of the world in ancient English language. The aim of the research has determined the use of such methods as structural semantic and historical etimological analysis. The research is based on the texts of Anglo Saxon charms published by F. Grendon in his book 'Anglo-Saxon Charms'. The results of the research have allowed to conclude that the term 'land' is represented in the texts of Anglo-Saxon charms by such lexical units as land, eorþe, æcer, folde, feld, turf, grund, plot, plōh, toft, furh, lǣs. The author has defined the frequency of the use of aforesaid lexemas in the texts of charms. According to the author, the most frequently used lexemas that represent the term 'land' in old English is land and eorþe. The author's special contribution to the topic is that the analysis of lexical units with the meaning 'land' and 'eorþe' in Anglo-Saxon charms has allowed to define semantic components and objectifying lexemas. 

Keywords: differentiation of meanings, Old English, lexeme, semantic component, picture of the world, notion of earth, conceptualization, Anglo-Saxon charm, semantic field, representation of meaning

Abstract: The subject of the research is the introductory words and word combinations of emotional evaluation as a type of extended sentence from the point of view of linguistic methodology. The object of the research is the methodological grounds for teaching introductory words to Chinese students. Zhukova provides an insight into introductory words and word combinations as well as functional semantic groups of introductory words. She also gives a detailed description of introductory words with emotional (positive or negative) evaluation. Based on the analysis of using introductory words with positive or negative emotional evaluation in literary texts (novels 'Leonardo's Hand', 'The White Dove of Kordova', 'Petrushka Syndrome' from Dina Rubina's trilogy 'The Air Men'), Zhukova establishes the principles of teaching Chinese students how to use introductory words with emotinal evaluation. The structural semantic analysis of introductory words by using the comparison method, in particular, comparison of such words to similar forms in Chinese has allowed to define peculiarities of the semantics and functions of introductory words in the Russian language. The author has used the continuous sampling method to collect the material for the research. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that introductory words and word combinations with emotional evaluation are viewed on the basis of literary works, in particular, Dina Rubina's trilogy 'The Air Men' (Leonardo's Hand, The White Dove of Kordova, Petrushka's Syndrome). The main conclusion of the research is that this is the best approach to teaching Russian as a foreign language when it comes to introductory words due to the variety and polyfunctionality of these expressive means. 

Keywords: modal particles, negative emotional evaluation, positive emotional evaluation, Russian as a foreign language, artistic text, emotional evaluation, introductory words, phraseology, modus frame, Dina Pubina

Abstract: The purpose of the research is to study the basic properties of communication systems inside the text (in-text) in the work of a Russian writer Victor Pelevin based on the analysis of his novel "t". In his research Leushkin analyzed communication forms and ways in Pelevin's novel "t" as well as highlighted semantic constructions that determine the specifics of the internal communication system in the novel. On the basis of these structures, the attitude of communicative instances, the in-text system of communicative relations, its specific features and main characteristics, ways of its artistic realization, are analyzed. The research is at the junction of the theory of literature and social philosophy. This study combines narrative, poststructuralist methodology and the theory of social communication. The novelty of the research is caused by the allocation of semantic constructions as a condition for determining the interference of the in-text system of communicative connections of the novel by Victor Pelevin. It is asserted that the narration of the novel by Victor Pelevin "t" is carried out in the mode of transgression. The following types of narrative are distinguished in the text. The key feature of the structures of the communicative connections of the novel "t" is its alignment through a game with the objectification of semantic constructs and the implementation of a narrative transgression in it.

Keywords: intertextuality, text structure, construct, transgression, discourse, social communication, narratology, Pelevin, postmodernism, hypertextuality

Abstract: This article is devoted to the vocabulary used by modern youth. The authors of the article analyze the conceptual and linguistic contents of slang and try to define what causes the young generation to use it by comparing the vocabulary of senior school students and first-year university students. The variety of the material collected during the research allows to define the reasons why young people prefer to use slang intead of literary language. One of the reasons usually discussed is the low level of speech culture. The research material has been collected through the survey and questionnaires. The conclusion is that slang is actually a bright expressive means that enable young people not only to express their thoughts but also share their emotions. Noteworthy that when young people were used to explain the meaning of slang words, they used synonyms and word combinations that can be defined as diverse and expressive variants of standard Russian. The language material presented in the article can ba used as examples to study the speech of modern young people in terms of the Russian language and speech culture as well as active vocabulary of modern Russian. 

Keywords: society, culture of speech, language norms, emotionality, expressiveness, semantic content, vocabulary, conciseness, slang, consumption activity

Abstract: The article is devoted to the origin of a perfect in Germantic languages. The analysis of the Gothic material and possible means of borrowings, functional and semantic features of the possesive verb and past participle structures as well as sociolinguistic analysis of ancient English demonstrate that the hypothesis of borrowing creates a number of contradictions in semantics and general grammaticalisation of a perfect at the early stage of its development in the ancient Germanic languages. The difference in grammaticalisation paces of different Germantic languages is explained by intra-linguistic features of their aspectual-temporal systems. The periphery nature of the construction is viewed as a consequence of their statal semantics that is not in line with the general aspectual-temporal system. As the grammaticalisation and acquirance of the status of an analytical construction with a perfect temporaral meaning happens, the frequency of a construction rises, too, which demonstrates its categorisation and integration into the aspectual-temporarl system of Germanic languages. The comparative historical method and philological analysis of examples, analysis of selected words from the corpus of texts, semantic analysis of the construction are used as research methods. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that Bondar provides a set of arguments that prove the failure of the 'latin' hypothesis that tries to explain the origin of a German perfect. The author gives a semantic differentiation between the types of statal perfects which development helps to explain the statal nature of the analysed construction as well as a number of other semantic puzzlers that present the semantic and syntactic analysis of the haben-participle II structure. 

Keywords: resultative, semantics, language contacts, syntactic borrowing, old germanic languages, latin, perfect, grammaticalisation, possessive verb, sociolinguistics

Abstract: The Russian language being inflectional and English being analytic, the translation of the of the as-pect meanings of the verbs raises difficulties and problems. That’s why the object of the research is the form Perfect of the English verb, functioning in the different kinds of fiction, the subject being the comparative analyses and the ways of translation of the aspect meanings of the Russian verbs into English. At a comparative research of the functional and semantic complexes of a verb the similarities and differences in the compared languages reveal. In Russian aspectual-temporal meanings of a ver-bal form correlate with semantic components of the verbal action, in English both parts of verbal semantics being implemented by the compound category Tense-Aspect. At the same time the inter-nal asymmetry of verbal forms and meanings for each of the compared languages appear. Moreover if there are imperfective and perfective aspect in Russian, the translation of these particular forms into English may have more different ways, in particular, it may be both continuous and non-continuous forms, both infinitive and modal constructions. The novelty of this research is caused by the appeal to the deep language semantic characteristic of a grammatical form. The search of equiv-alent means of transferring of the complex of meanings of the Perfect form in Russian while trans-lating, the analysis and the methods of development of adequate translation of the content of the verbal Perfect form, the comparison of the Russian tense and aspect complexes of a verb to Tense-Aspect category for the Perfect form are the points for consideration. The offered variants of translation of concrete lexical units and structures will help trainees to understand nuances while translating both languages. Having analyzed a number of syntactic structures, we have come to conclusion that comparing the semantics of aspect and the ways of ver-bal action in Russian with the semantics of the English Perfect the asymmetry is revealed, which is determined by interlingual structural-typological distinctions, in particular, by existence - absence of similar forms, their various semantic, analytical and synthetic tendencies. The asymmetry is shown especially brightly in translation process. It is a contextual environment of the categorial meaning that is a starting point for the trans-lation and helps to avoid both a positive, and negative interference of both languages.

Keywords: perfect meaning, aspect meaning, polycentric, unicentric, functional-semantic field of aspect, comparative research, modality, processive meaning, result meaning, limitation

Abstract: The subject of the research is the nomination of family relations in Saltykov-Shchedrin's novels. The term 'nomination' is widely used in linguistics that relates it to all kinds of naming of a certain object. The expressive and stylistic means that influences the interpretation of an image by a reader is its nomination presented as some kind of a chain of images in a text; very often literary experts speak of the 'system' of nominations. This research focuses on the system of nominations of family relations in Saltykov-Shchedrin's novels 'The Golovlyov Family' and 'The Peshekhonsky Area'. By using the continuous sampling method, the author of the article has discovered over 600 nominations of family relations. The results of the analysis of family relations nominations demonstrate that nominations used by the writer underline the hypocrisy of the heroes and prove the formality of their relations that lack a true feeling or contribution. The famly relations described by the writer only contribute to the deceipt and humiliaton and are used for observation of the etiquette as the sole purpose. 

Keywords: nomination of family relations, nomination system, text analysis, creativity of Saltykov-Shchedrin, lexic analysis, artistic text, continuous method, semantic series, appeal, etiquette

Abstract: The aim of the research is to analyze the mechanism of transposition of short adjectives into input-model words and expressions in the Russian language. Based on the example of word forms 'it is seen', 'it is heard', and 'it is known' explicated into predicative and impersonal-predicative functions of someone's audio, auditive or cognitive perception the author of the article describes syntax conditions, features, stages and limits of adjective modalation. The rationale of the research is predetermined by the growing role of the subjective modal factor in the language. In the course of the research the author has used general research, general linguistic and special research methods (comparison, generalisation, description, oppositive analysis, distributive and transformation analysis). The research is focused on the core input-modal words created as a result of functional-semantic modalation of adjective word forms. It is demonstrates that the areas of the modal word core at the scale of transposition are achieved by single word forms with '-o' comparable to adjectives and predicates. An example is the modal unit 'it is seen' used as an input element of a common expanded sentence. At the stage of the core it is derived of such predicative features as categorial semantics of the evaluation; the function of the main element of an impersonal (input) sentence; compatibility with the verb conjunction of neuter gender, singular number and subject-object and/or circumstance determinants. Neither it has the features of an adjective (adjective lexical semantics); categorial meaning of a sign of an object; grammatical categories, forms and paradigms; functions of a predicate of a two-element construction; word-modifying and sentence connections. Based on its antonomic meaning, a lexical and grammatical omonym is created. 

Keywords: input-modal unit, predicative, short adjective, modаlation, grammar, Russian language, scale of transition, core, periphery, homonym

Abstract:   The article presents a theoretical research of the terms 'idiolect' and individual style or 'idiostyle'. The author fo the article outlines the problems in the sphere of studying the phenomenon of idiostyle and idiolect that need to be solved such as differentiatio between conventional and individual, the use of idiostyle outside creative writing, quantitative features of idiostyle, etc. The author offers a classification of idiostyle aspects such as cultural historical, genre, psycholinguistic, cognitive, axiological, systems structural, linguopoetical, semantic stylistical, etc. The author demonstreates that the communicative-stylistic (pragmatic) parameter is the most important for creating an individual style. To create the idiostyle model, the researcher defines the writer's intentions in the texts under study. The main instrument for the differentiation between terms is the terminological line 'linguistic personality - speech personality - communication personality'. The image of the writer is the result of his or her use of the idiostyle as part of text and intra-textual relations. The practical realisation of the communicative stylistic aspect is demonstrated based on the analysis of a creative legacy of a journalist, publisher and Russian educator of the XVIIIth century N. I. Novikov. The idiostyle is viewed as the key characteristic of the authorship and a result of targeted writing activity.

Keywords: explication, stylistic, discourse, idiostyle, idiolect, linguistic personality, individual, conventional, intention, образ автора