Abstract: The object of this research is the cultural values as a specific phenomenon that is especially relevant for the modern humanitarian thought. The concept of “value” has been studied since the period of Antiquity. However, it still does not have a universal definition. The added to the term predicate “cultural” amplifies the meaning of the considered concept. In this publication, the examined phenomenon is explained by the combination of the material object and the ideals (universalities) of spiritual content. Methodological foundation includes the objective-absolutistic approach that allows viewing the values as the certain atemporal, translated ideals; as well as the axiological approach that interprets culture as an integrated set of values. The scientific novelty lies in reconsideration of classification methods of the object at hand. In particular, the author concludes that the cultural values can be divided into not only panhuman and culture-specific, but also secular and religious ideals, ways of interpretation and acquisition, communicators (translators) and recipients (consumers) that also differ in their nature.

Keywords: value transmitting, universals, ideals, religious culture, secular culture, national character, cultural identity, cultural values, values, cultural and historical experience

Abstract: This article examines the role and peculiarities of Russian cosmism in the system of scientific picture of the world in the late XIX – mid XX centuries. The author reviews the projective picture of the world of the Russian cosmic scientists N. F. Fyodorov, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, V. I. Vernadsky, as well as determines the link between the Russian cosmism and the realities of modern scientific picture of the world. The goal of this work is to substantiate the demand for the ideas of Russian cosmists for positive solution of the global challenges. The problem of evolution of the scientific picture of the world is coupled with the question on further qualitative development of human essence as a sentient and active being that apprehends and influences the evolutionary processes of Earth and Cosmos, in other words, wholeness of the world. Due to the fact that this article is intended for vast audience, the author signifies the concept and historical alternativeness of the scientific picture of the world, defines the role and peculiarities of Russian cosmism within the system of the scientific picture of the world, and considers the projective pictures of the world of the Russian cosmists. The scientific novelty consists in the analysis of correlation between the ideas of Russian cosmism and the realities of the modern scientific picture of the world towards successful solution of the global challenges. As a result of the conducted research, the author defines the relevance of ideas of the Russian cosmism for the modern scientific picture of the world; signifies the key vectors of “fluctuation” of modern society as a system; determines the theoretical and practical grounds for positive development of the scientific picture of the world at the present stage.

Keywords: global challenges, Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich, Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich, Fedorov Nikolai Fedorovich, scientific picture of the world, Russian cosmism, synergetics, universal evolutionism, digital society, order out of chaos

Abstract: The subject of this article is the comparison of the philosophy of freedom in its relation to the philosophy of state and society in the Russian and Western European classical liberalism. This comparative analysis in aimed ad identification of specificity of the Russian liberalism as a peculiar tradition within the framework of pan-European liberal movement. Based on interpretation of the concept of freedom within the framework of European liberalism, the author highlights the three traditions of European liberalism: Anglo-French that reduces freedom to its external manifestations; German that focuses on the dialectics of external and internal freedom; and Russian tradition of the liberal philosophy of freedom. The main conclusion lies in the proof of succession between the liberal philosophy of John Locke, Enlighteners and John Stuart Mill, which leads to the author’s assumption that the pinnacle of educational understanding of freedom is the liberalism of J. S. Mill. The author’s contribution to the study of problematic of the history of liberal philosophy is the determination in the philosophy – the chief theoretician of the Russian liberalism of the XIX century – B. N. Chicherin of the two new meanings of the concept of freedom, which are absent in the German philosophy of tradition that Chicherin leans upon: the social freedom and the freedom reproved in the absolute personal nature that may be referred to as spiritual. The article concretizes the interrelation between the philosophy of freedom and the philosophy of state: the Western liberal philosophy of state is interpreted as a mechanicalism, while the Russian interpretation of state is understood as teleological.

Keywords: liberalism, teleology, mechanism, freedom, Chicherin, Gradovsky, Mill, Kant, Locke, Russian liberalism

Abstract: This article analyzes and compares the theories of sociality of the prominent Western thinker I. Wallerstein and Russian philosopher V. Belyaev. Both authors use in their research the schemes and concepts from the various social disciplines (history, social philosophy, sociology, culturology, and others), adapting them to the context of solving the set tasks. The main objective of their study lies in unspelling of modernity; Belyaev also analyzes the approaches and thinking patterns of the philosophers and scholars who determined the key features of modernity. At the same time, Wallerstein implements systemic and synergetic approaches, while Belyaev – philosophical and methodological; the object of research of the first author is the world system, and for the second author – modernism. Both of them analyze the factors that substantiate sociality (although different ones), and the process of realization of the main social ideas and project. As a result, it is demonstrated that due to the character of implementation and systemic conditions, the established type of sociality is in crisis and is close to its completion. However, due to the complexity of unfolding processes, it seems nearly impossible to forecast the course of events. The article revels the similarities and differences of both theories and authors’ approaches. The author not only discusses these moments, but also expresses his opinion on possibility of analyzing modernity and sociality.

Keywords: criticism, thinking, approach, concept, theory, world system, modernity, sociality, contradictions, solutions

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the observable spaces established by authorities since modernity and existing in modern society. Leaning on the works of Michel Foucault, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze, Patrick Joyce and others, the author explicates the potential and boundaries of impact of the visual means used by authorities overall, and Panopticon as one of such means in particular. Visual methods of exercising of power are viewed in the context of other sensory modalities of a human. The author determines the perceptive spaces of power, which serve as alternative to Panopticon of Jeremy Bentham. Along with the general scientific methods of research, the author also applies the methodological principles and paradigms of post-structuralism, social constructivism, and interdisciplinary approach. A conclusion is made that the principle of Panopticism is not the universal principle of organization of space of the power in modern society. The mechanism of power within the Panoptic space is realized due to the implicit metaphysical orientations that the enclosed within it individuals are guided by. The author’s main contribution lies in explication of the alternative to Panipticon perceptive spaces of power. The article introduces the term “Panaudion” for designating the acoustic space of the power, designed by Athanasius Kircher. The analysis contains the theoretical sources that are not translated into Russian.

Keywords: panopticon, space, modern society, subject of power, observation, vision, power, panaudion, Michel Foucault, Athanasius Kircher

Abstract: This work examines the experience of developing the concepts and teachings about human in anthropology not from the standpoint of their content, but rather the conceptual structure, method and way of development. The author conducts a conceptual inventory of these ways and methods. The article introduces a certain conceptual construct consisting of the ontological paradigm, basic principles, ontology of the world, logical procedure and conceptual-terminological structure. Using this construct, the author provides the versions of reflexive analysis of what means to analyze the anthropological teachings about human, as well as determines five reflexive ways of analysis of such teachings: inventory of the concepts, description of logical discourses, typology of sciences, metaphoric work, presentation of author’s opinion. The author applies the method of reflexive analysis and methodological inventory of the ways and methods of framing the anthropological discourse of anthropological concepts of the XX century. The contribution lies in introduction of methodological grounds and principles of structuring the anthropological discourse in framing the anthropological concepts, which gives a chance for overcoming the various types of reductions and overgeneralization in in terms of conceptual work in anthropological field. This methodological framework helps the author to develop the authorial concept of anthropological guidance.

Keywords: logical discourse, navigation, paradigmatic orientation, human ontology, method, anthropology, utterance, ontological setting, orientation, author

Abstract: The author examines the role of speculative fiction as a cultural genre for detecting the grounds for its demand by the modern reader. Speculative fiction attracts its reader because its produces anxiety in his consciousness; its conceptual content instigates to constantly make a choice in favor or against the concordance of the events in media reality. The foundation for irreality (and the interest of audience) becomes the phenomenon of absurdity, which in the modern oeuvres is reflected in two levels: the direct encounter with the supernatural phenomenon of the text that causes the fluctuations with regards to reality; and the more profound identification of absurdity of the events in the text with absurdity of the reality that turns attention of the subject towards the most complicated questions of existence in the society. Namely such model of structuring the narrative allows the reader, who is interested in the literature on supernatural, to acquire a new experience of absurdity, first at the stage of meeting the irreality of the text, and then in returning to the absurdity of medial culture. The scientific novelty lies in clarification of the status of absurdity in modern culture based on the examples of the speculative fiction literature. A conclusion is made that the phenomenon of absurdity, which manifests as the grounds for supernatural aspect of the plot of this genre and a part of social being of the subject of culture, attains the constituting features with regards to media reality.

Keywords: mesia philosophy, media rationality, media reality, philosophy of absurdity, absurdity, fantasy, science fiction, speculative fiction, media culture, philosophy of literature

Abstract: Following the eras of virtual realities of the myths (Prehistory); virtual realities of the myths and religions (Ancient World); virtual realities of the religions (Middle Ages); virtual realities of the art, literature and ideologies (Modern History), and finally, the era of virtual realities of the ideologies, cinema, television, and psychoanalysis, hails the new wave: the era of virtual realities of the Internet – the actual “ninth wave”, which it its scale supersedes all of the preceding types of virtualities. This article is dedicated to the examination of virtual realities of the XX century: those that were particularly produced by psychoanalysis and cinematic art. The ideological virtual components serves in the article as a shading background that helps to deeper understand the psychoanalytical and cinematographic realities. The scientific novelty lies in comparison of the most diverse “virtual worlds” created by human, using various means and methods: this refers to the virtual reality produces by the novels and ideology, psychoanalysis and cinematography. The author attempts to prove that both, cinematic art and psychoanalysis, are the colossal “unbearable observers” – unlike the historians, they create such virtual worlds that become an intrinsic part of the ubiquitous virtual-real reality of a human. Therefore, the author speaks of the special observer, whose act of contemplation is capable of changing human life.

Keywords: an unbearable observer, illusion, novel, ideology, television, cinema, psychoanalysis, virtual reality, a self-fulfilling vicious circle, conditions of human existence