Abstract: The object of this research is the problem of establishment of civil consciousness and its comprehension in the XVII-XIX centuries. Modern era is paramount and breaking period in perception of civil consciousness and its main elements. The subject of this research is the key components of the quality of civil consciousness and actors of their formation. Special attention is given to interaction of the state and society in the process of citizens’ upbringing, change of roles of these actors in establishment of civil consciousness. The author analyzes the factors that increase the impact of state upon the formation of civil consciousness. The main conclusions are defined by the strategies of the formation of civil consciousness. Initially, the formation of civil consciousness was affected only by the society, and was considered as self-perpetuating within the society. However, since the beginning and middle of the XIX century, the key role in the processes of its establishment was played by the state and the government as the key actors. Author’s special contribution into the research lies in reconsideration of comprehension of civil consciousness, as well as focus on the citizens as the main actors of perpetuation of civil consciousness in future. The scientific novelty consists in substantiation of the need to understand civil consciousness in the discourse of views of the modern era philosophers for upbringing of the new generation of citizens.

Keywords: separation of powers, social contract, constitutional state, state, state of nature, civil status, civility, natural equality, justice, citizen

Abstract: The analysis of ethnocultures of polyethnic regions is especially relevant in terms of global unification and technologization of culture. Social conditions are characterized by the rapid change of decorations, which is a trial for the traditional ethnocultures. The article makes an attempt of cultural-philosophical contemplation of the basic constructs of Dagestan ethnoculture, named by the author as ethnocultural archetypes. A ethnocultural archetype implies the morphogenic element of the culture of ethnos that is responsible for the specificity of religious life, world perception, self-determination of an individual and his attitude to other members of the ethnos. The application of mythological material for finding the profound imaged leans on the comparative methods that allowed identifying the most specific shades. The introduction of such term as the ethnocultural archetype of Gorz gives a general outlook upon the disparate studies on the tradition, symbolics and art, as well as suggests a possibility of systemic view, in terms of which ethnoculture correlates with the in-depth factor of the cultural unconscious. Archetype manifests as a generalizing factor, as well as an instrument of systemic analysis.

Keywords: narts, epic, mythology, archetype, Caucasus, highlander, Dagestan, ethnoculture, hero, warrior

Abstract: This article reveals the peculiarities of communicative function of human mentality. As a specific way of reasoning and sensing, mentality is associated with human comprehension of the surrounding reality and manifests as the means of formation of the holistic picture of the world. As a complicated sociocultural system, mentality has a number of function. The functions can be determined as a way of behavior of any system, as well as its response to the external and internal influences. The article substantiates the existence of communicative function of mentality, which defines the conditions of interaction between the individuals in mental space. Methodological basis for this research contains the functional approach that allows establishing the representations on the activity of mentality, as well as hermeneutics that explains the specificity of understanding the surrounding reality by the representatives of various sociocultural communities. A conclusion is made that due to the mental unity of the participants of information interaction, in communication form the collective senses that define the human’s picture of the world, establish the social conventions, as well as originate the human representations about themselves as a possessor of certain sociocultural peculiarities; in other words, is realized the personal and collective identification of the carriers of common mentality.

Keywords: intentionality, understanding, conventionality, representation, mental schemes, subject of mentality, picture of the world, mentality, dialogue, communication

Abstract: Modern Age rejected the representation about God as an embodiment of Light. The Mind has become its carrier, which taking the form of Enlightenment and Progress, gave humanity great good. And brought threats. In the criticism of mind, the continued importance belongs to the work of Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno “Dialectic of Enlightenment”. Even after the 70 years period their ideas remain relevant, and the instrumental rationality translated into the technologization of all spheres of life. The author analyzes the attempts of J. Habermas to reconcile the rationality of modernism and communicativeness of postmodernism. Using the method of creative thinking, which besides the logical abstractions includes intuition and graphic analogies, is criticized the identification of communication with generalization, when the ontologized communication dominates even the rationality. Having become a substance, the communication transforms into commutation and leads to the suppression of material being as a “dark form” of human reality. The victory of communicationism will imply the “end of light” (ours), its replacement by the information and virtual (trans=ultra=hyper=light) form of otherness. The slowly impeding Apocalypses of the world as a process of its technological globalization is most adequately expressed in the concept – the Judgment Day.

Keywords: intersubjectivity, communication, rationality, Habermas, Education, Mind, Shadow, Light, virtualism, being

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of use of the past as a symbolic resource in tourism industry. Based on the materials from social networks, thematic forums and travelers’ blogs, the author examines the tourists’ attitude towards their native country and vacation destination, evaluation of the past and history of tourist countries, emotional factors of perception of the past. It is underlined that the growth of commercialization of the past leads to escalation of identification risks – the desire to “sell” at profit the past of a country emphasizes such elements of its history that enjoy popularity among tourists. The theoretical-methodological foundation contains the works of contemporary theoreticians “memory studies”, ideas of Pierre Bourdieu, Bruno Latour, objectification concept of Karin Knorr-Cetina, as well as representation on the “culture industry” of Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. Leaning on the works of predecessors, the author proves that the “memory industry” manifests as a continuation of colonialism, turning the carriers of culture into the exhibits, and the historical experience into the likeness of shopping. In such context, the past becomes a commodity, narrative about it – a service, which can threaten with the loss of distinctness.

Keywords: objectification, commemorative practices, tourism, commemoration, industry of memory, identifying risk, symbolic capital, social memory, cultural industry, commercialization of the past

Abstract: The article tackles the questions of social capital transformation in developed countries. The author considers the role played by human rights in this process, form several points of view, including the influence of the human rights on traditional interpersonal forms and institutions of social capital (family, kin, neighbors…), as well as the role of human rights in broad forms (national, universal) of social capital transformation. The author does not limit his thinking to – almost ubiquitously admitted in social sciences – questions of depletion (deterioration) of social capital but also considers the less accepted issues of reconstruction of social capital. Several conclusions are drawn. First, the human rights, among other factors, have contributed to the deterioration of social capital (especially the traditional forms and institutions of interpersonal social capital). Second, human rights have also contributed to construction of social capital, especially the broad (national and universal) forms of social capital. Moreover, the author advances the idea that if the traditional interpersonal forms of social capital were depleted under the influence of several factors (human rights among them), the human rights played almost exclusive role in construction of broad forms of social capital.

Keywords: social solidarity, unity, family, relatives, liberal values, human rights, social capital, fundamental rights and freedoms, citizen, individualism

Abstract: The subject of this research is the anthropological crisis in modern medicine. The object of this research is the anthropological crisis of modernity. The author examines such aspect of the topic as the blurring of customary “natural” image of a patient until the “transformed” and the “subject of biological design” in modern medicine that lead to shift of the principles of its ethical regulation from the traditional medical ethics based on the humanistic orientations of Hippocratic Oath to bioethics aligning itself with the legal rules. A benchmark for this research is the phenomenon of transhumanism. A conclusion is formulated that in terms of the shift of scientific paradigms in medicine, expressed in disposition of its humanistic principles towards naturalistic alongside the existing anthropological crisis in culture, emerges the need for reconsideration of the system of medical education that suggests the increase in the volume of humanitarian disciplines in curriculums of the medical universities. The author’s special contribution lies in the review of anthropological crisis of modernity involving the theoretical apparatus of medicine. The scientific novelty consists in the examination of human image in medicine as an anthropological concept of health in a particular culture.

Keywords: transhumanism, Hippocratic oath, bioethics, medical ethics, human image, medicine, anthropological crisis, health, norm, anthropological reduction

Abstract: This article examines a new cultural formation such as the reflexive myth. The peculiarities of this phenomenon are studied on the example of creativity of the famous art group “The Mitki”. An assessment of the phenomenon as a simulacrum required researching the difference between the principles of interpreting the concept of simulacrum by J. Baudrillard and G. Bataille. If the simulacrum of Baudrillard is opposite to symbol, the concept of simulacrum used by Bataille introduces the scholar to a mytho-symbolic universe. Reflexivity of Baudrillard’s comprehension of simulacrum is reduced to the minimum. The interpretation of Bataille’s symbol-simulacrum leads to creation of a special reflexive language, language of irony, paradoxical behavioral paradigms, gratuitous and pointless “expenditure”.  The pointless “expenditure” is opposite to the pragmatism of social exchange. Such confrontation opens possibility for the assessment of a reflexive action. The author proposes an extensive interpretation of the discourse of nonverbal communication (relationship language), which was introduced by the anthropologist G. Bateson. The nonverbal communication falls beyond the artistic reality, manifesting as an essential part of functionality of the human society. The nonverbal communication forms the basis of reflexivity of a contemporary myth; the functions of the latter presently increase, allowing the mind to determine its capabilities and limits.

Keywords: foolishness, reflection, irony, simulacrum, hyperreality, symbol, mitki, myth, culture, language