Abstract: The author attempts to reveal the essence of the anthropological plots developed by Aristotle. Aristotle highlights the notions of “class” and “type”, and according to this pattern as an illustration names a man. He interprets human as the creature of nature that occupies its niche in living nature. At the same time, Aristotle underlines the social qualities of human, and considers him a social creature. That is how the classical scheme of interpretation of human is being formed. Human is perceived as a thing among other things, who deserves a particular niche in the universe. The article determines the main position of classical tradition originated by Aristotle. The author uses the principle of historicism that allows him comparing the classical and nonclassical traditions in understanding of a human. For the first time in Russian literature, the extensive analysis of the anthropological concept of Aristotle is given. The author examines the interpretations of such basic notions as human nature and human essence. The two philosophical paradigms in interpretation of human are being analyzed. It is demonstrated that the anthropology of the essence and substance does not allow characterizing the being of a man, which is based on freedom and responsibility of a man for his being. Aristotle’s concept is subjected to criticism in the modern discussions. However, it is important to consider that in the broad heritage of Aristotle, have been formed the principles of specific contemplation of human, which perhaps lost their meaning in nonclassical understanding of human.

Keywords: Psychics, Universe, Substance, Type, Class, Philosophical anthropology, Social qualities, Essence, Nature, Human

Abstract: The object of this article is the phenomenon of cosmopolitanism, while the subject is the cosmopolitan vision in interpretation of U. Beck. The author examines the content of the phenomena and varieties of cosmopolitanism and nationalism, as well as correlation between the processes of globalization and cosmopolitanization. The attention is given to the process of formation of cosmopolitan outlook, and its correspondents to the modern imperatives. The author analyzes the social conditions and object factors affecting the process of institutionalization of cosmopolitanism. The article follows the influence of cosmopolitanism upon the area of ethnicity, reaction of national identity and national tradition to the challenges of cosmopolitanism. The scientific novelty consists in substantiation of the number of positions that give specific relevance to the analyzed problematic: 1) under the conditions of globalizing world, cosmopolitanism and the adjacent to it phenomena are in ideological and practical demand; 2) existing in space of the national, cosmopolitanism acts in multiple ethnical guises, encouraging its transformation into cosmopolitanisms.

Keywords: national identity, nationalism, universalization, cosmopolitan vision, cosmopolitanization, cosmopolitanism, globalization, local, tradition, multiculturalism

Abstract:   In the context of difficulties, which faces the historical-philosophical research and teaching in post-Soviet situation, this article poses – based in the notion of “event” – the problem  of the “modern” philosophy, “paradigm” that in one or another way continue today, but takes its origins in the past. In this regard, the author’s thesis states that the modern philosophy has two main active-historical “beginnings” – one in the XIX century, the other one in the XX century, to the analysis of which this article is dedicated. Methodologically, this research is based on the multiple Western European (primarily German) historical-philosophical works, as well as is oriented upon the certain philosophical directions of the XX century (especially philosophical hermeneutics), which allows having a significantly new perspective upon modernity alongside the past of the philosophy. The conducted analysis establishes the moments of conceptual continuity of the modern philosophical thoughts, which to the present time finds itself inside the two revolutions in the way of thinking: one such “transformation in thinking” leads from the late Schelling, through Marx, Kierkegaard, and other opponent of Hegel in 1840’s, to Nietzsche and Dilthey; and the other transformation in thinking is associated with even more radical “revolt of a philosopher against philosophy”, namely against identification of the being and thinking and attempts (of Husserl, Heidegger, and other thinkers of the shift in philosophical-humanitarian paradigm in the 1910-1920’s) to have a new perception of the initiate problem of the “first philosophy” in the XX century.  

Keywords: Modernity, Hermeneutics, Reality, Revolution, Thinking, Event, Heidegger, Kierkegaard, Schelling, Philosophy

Abstract: This article explores the relation of A. F. Losev to the transcendental understanding of being in the philosophy of Hegel. Basing on the observation of V. O. Troitsky, according to which the Russian philosopher avoids using the notion of “haecceity”, the author reveals the position of A. F. Loves regarding Hegel’s philosophy, as well as underlines the specificities of Russian philosophy in the global historical-philosophical process. Special attention is given to the analysis of Hegel’s concept of the structure of reasoning, as well as Losev’s doctrine on correlation of the symbol and artistic image. The author proves that the noted by the Russian researcher peculiarity of Losev’s use of the philosophical terminology is caused by the nonrandom factors, but rather its fundamental position on the key issue of ontology. For the first time in scientific literature, the author reveals the peculiarities of the aesthetical doctrines of the German and Russian philosophers that are substantiated by their ontological preferences. This work also reconstructs the historical-cultural context of the differences, detected between the philosophers, in the assessments of opportunity regarding the philosophical cognition of the Absolute.

Keywords: symbolism, certainty, structure of reasoning, transcendentalism, Hegel, A. F. Losev, Haecceity, symbol, artistic image, specificities of the Russian philosophy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the G. W. Leibniz’s doctrine about the monads. The work reconstructs the main informative and conceptual creative approaches of the doctrine from the perspective of their importance for the modern philosophy and science. As the key conceptual elements, the author analyzes and uses the new linguistic forms: “metaphysical creative inputs”, “research metaphysical programs”, “creative approaches of metaphysics”. The creative inputs of metaphysics can be followed in methodological, ontological, gnoseological, and axiological aspects. It is underlined and these creative inputs as the fundamental information principles are ultimate and antecedent with regards to all other principles of the spiritual, theoretical, and practical activity. The author uses the new method of hermeneutic dialectics that allows determining the historical importance of Leibniz’s doctrine about the monads, as well as the logical connection of his ideas with the modern theories in cosmology. The scientific novelty lies in the fact, that in his doctrine Leibniz reveals and reconstructs the new essential creative inputs – substantial pluralism, discretization of the infinite continuum of the universe, its hierarchical organization and animateness of each element, as well as the principles of general distinction and identification of things. It is demonstrated that the contemporary cosmologists, promoting the anthropic principle (in a strong or weak version), in essence reformulate Leibniz’s creative approach about the nothing and something – why this particular world exists, which we observe and study.  

Keywords: opposition, dialectics, theodicy, monad, rationalism, method, programs, metaphysics, hermeneutics, creative inputs

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of ideology and its understanding in the modern philosophical discourse. The author systematizes the main ideas about ideology established in philosophy; formulates the peculiarities of interpretations of the phenomenon of ideology depending on the scientific tradition; determines the most popular approaches towards understanding of the phenomenon of ideology that we formed within the modern philosophical discourse. During the course of this research, the author analyzes the modern philosophical interpretations of the phenomenon of ideology in the context of globalization as the dominant vector of development of the relations between the social groups at the modern stage of development pf society. The conclusion was made that the modern philosophical discourse is characterized by the attempt to establish the structure and functions of ideology, which in turn, is recognized as the objective phenomenon of social reality and viewed in the context of globalization. At the same time, the understanding of ideology within the modern philosophical discourse is based on the experience of studying this phenomenon in philosophy beginning from the XVIII century. In the result of this work, the author formulates the main directions in study of ideology throughout the XVIII-XXI centuries, as well as determines the succession in examination of the phenomenon of ideology within the philosophical discourse.

Keywords: Worldview, History philosophy, Social reality, Open society, Marxism, Society, History of ideas, Social theory, Globalization, Ideology

Abstract: The aim of the present article is to study essentialist and post-essentialist approaches towards the subject of power. Modern political philosophy has revealed methodological inconsistency of essentialist interpretation of the ruler which was regarded as a phenomenon determined by supreme metaphysical essence (Wesen). Unsound is today the classical subject-object model of power in general. Using the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche, Alexandre Kojeve, Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault and other thinkers, the author examines in detail the causes of the crisis and heuristic incompleteness of essentialism in political philosophy. The article considers the attempts to overcome it. The author makes explicit ambiguity of the ways of describing and characterizing of the power subject represented in classical and modern concepts.Along with general scientific research methodology the author uses constructivist and poststructuralist approaches, hermeneutic methodology as well as the method of comparative analysis of philosophical doctrines.The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive and systematic characterization of essentialist theories of power, explication of methodological "problem areas" of essentialism and constructivism. The author concludes the methodological fruitless using of classical Cartesian subject category in modern political and philosophical studies. However, the total elimination of this category from the arsenal of the modern political and philosophical thought demonstrating a broad conceptual apparatus for the expression of subjectivity is also untenable. The special contribution of the author consists in non-classical interpretation of the category of power subject in the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Carl von Clausewitz.

Keywords: Foucault, Kojeve, Servant and master, Metaphysics, Essentialism, Political philosophy, Trancendency, Transgression, Power, Subject

Abstract: This article is dedicated to one of the main issues of philosophy in general and Chinese philosophy in particular – the problem of categories. In the center of the research is the definition of the term “category” and search of the first categorical ideas within the archaic thought of Ancient China. The author also examines of the most valuable texts acquired during the archeological excavations (the end of the XX century) – treatise “Taiyi Shengshui” (“Great One gave birth to water”), which represents an example of the early categorical thinking in China. The methodological orientation consists in focusing attention on primary sources, as well as structural moments in the Ancient Green and Chinese categorical schemes. The process of formation of the categorical thinking is demonstrated in comparison with the similar process of the early Greek philosophers. The author gives a positive answer to the question of “whether or not the categorical thinking exists in the Chinese philosophy?” Among the pre-Socrates philosophers, the fourfold of the initiate elements serves as the first categorical generalizations. The first attempts of categorical perception of the world in the philosophical thought of Ancient China can be considered the basic classification patterns (binary, ternary, quinary) that lie in the foundation of the entire traditional culture and philosophy of China. The text “Taiyi Shengshui” (“Great One gave birth to water”) provides a different perspective onto the cosmological aspects of such imperative classification pattern as quinary, as well as gives chance for a deeper understanding of the analogy between the philosophy of Ancient China and philosophical constructs of the early Greek philosophers (including Thales of Miletus).

Keywords: Fourfold of Martin Heidegger, Universality, Early Greek philosophers, Philosophy of Ancient China, The five elements, Quinary classification pattern, Thales of Miletus, Fourfold, Categorical thinking, Category

Abstract: The subject of this research is the Kabbalah as the most well-known mystical tradition of Judaism. It is studied in the context of comparative analysis of the philosophical-mystical traditions of the world in accordance with the three fundamental positions: 1) Essence of the Absolute and the character of mystical contact with Him; 2) Correlation between the ideal and phenomenal (material) being; 3) Methods of mystical psychopractice. The article carries out a comparative analysis of the ideas of Kabbalah and other immanent mystical traditions of the world, primarily Tantrism, Advaita Vedanta, and Buddhism. Kabbalah represents an immanent pantheistic integrative mystical tradition. The Absolute is being viewed as the Wholeness, which exists by the principle “everything in one, one in everything”. Through the mystical “closeness” (Devekut) with the Absolute (Ein Sof) the egocentric consciousness is being overcome, and the global unitotality achieved. The main methods of the psychopractice of Kabbalah consist in love and trust, meditative contemplation of the Absolute, psychosomatic exercise, and disciplinary asceticism. Such psychopractive actively uses the energy cores of a person (Sephiroth). As a result, the transformation of consciousness (enlightenment) is achieved.  

Keywords: Devekut, psychopractice, integrative tradition, immanent mysticism, enlightened consciousness, egocentric consciousness, Kabbalah, Absolute, Sephiroth, Ein-Sof

Abstract: In this article, based on the analysis of certain fragments of "Being and Nothingness", the author attempts to reconstruct the principle which underlies the concept of time created by Jean-Paul Sartre. The article shows that Sartre builds the concept of time upon his very own previously created model of “being of consciousness”. Sartre, clarifying conceptual environment in which the concept of time unfolds, describes the terms "past", "present" and "future" as a holistic measurement of time. The integrity of time is determined by the structure of "being of consciousness’, because phenomenological description of the time is only possible when taken with connection to "human reality". The most important element of the model of “being of consciousness”, and thus, of the concept of time is the concept of "nothingness". The author considers the history of formation of Sartre’s philosophy up until “Being and Nothingness” while strongly adhering to the work being analyzed. The author’s analysis is based on the method of historical and philosophical reconstruction.

Keywords: present, past, time, being, nothingness, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, future, consciousness

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the model of evolution of the universe in philosophy of global constitutionalism. The model of evolution of the universe in any socio-philosophical concept suggest the formulation and substantiation of its own construct of formation and development of the surrounding reality (material and immaterial world). The philosophy of global constitutionalism conclusively formed at the brink of the XX and XX centuries as an active instrument of formatting of the socio-political, state-legal, and financial-economic development of the modern national state under in hands of the global ruling class, is based on the experience of the socio-philosophical concepts of the past, namely neoliberal and neoconservative doctrines. The author explores the signs of the model of evolution of the universe in philosophy of global constitutionalism, and suggests that various models of evolution of the universe play an important role in the context of globalization of the socio-political, state-legal, and financial-economic development of the existing national states and societies, which are being actively studied by the contemporary scholars, philosophers, legal experts, and political scientists. The following models are being considered: : linear globalization (A. Comte); world of system of globalization (I. Wallerstein, A. G. Frank, S. Amin, J. Arrighi, T. dos Santos, A. I. Fursov, A. V. Karataev); globalization as continuation of modernization (A. Giddens); global system (L. Sklair), and others.

Keywords: international, constitutionalism, global, philosophy, creation, evolution, model, local, state, person

Abstract: This article reviews the moral search of the Russian philosophy discussed within the framework of the two monographs: N. Bonetskaya “Spirit of the Silver Age. (Phenomenology of the era)” (M., St.Pb., 2015) and R. Galtseva “Era of Imbalance. Social and Cultural Events of the Last Decades” (M., St.Pb., 2016). Many problems that the Russian society is concerned about, remain to be in demand throughout several centuries. Special attention is given to the peer reviewed book “Spirit of the Silver Age”. In the author’s opinion, this century reflected, realized, and verbalized the new experience of the new soul. The article presents multiple names, verbal genres, and topics. It is noted that F. Nietzsche produced a significant effect upon the Russian philosophy. Many themes of the Silver Age are still being discussed in the Russian public consciousness: mutual correlation of the European and Russian philosophy, idea of the religious renovation, ideological dictatorship, and diagnostics of the social processes. Particular attention is paid to the Russian hermeneutics. The analysis of the works of N. K. Bonetskaya and R. A. Galtseva allow revealing multiple archetypes and plots that define the fate of Russia. For the first time, in the Russian literature this article discusses the intellectual image of the Silver Age, determines certain conceptual lines characteristic to the philosophical works of this century, considers the questions of mentality, as well as describes the portraits of the philosophers, thinkers, and other people in the world of art. In the material of R. A. Galtseva, the modern era is characterized as imbalanced, which lies in detection of the controversies between social and cultural development of Russia. The author presents various opinions of the ideological differentiations and theoretical confrontation, as well as gives characteristics to the religious renovation of Christianity, totalitarian ideologies, and modern conservatism and humanism.

Keywords: Hermeneutics, Humanism, Religious renovation, Ideology, Art, Philosophy, Nietzsche, Solovyev, Phenomenology, Silver Age