Abstract: The author of the article raises a question about the role of ideology in the historical process. Social philosophers constantly argue whether ideology is of any use at all. On one hand the term ‘ideology’ was created at the Age of Enlightenment. There was a need in a particular theory that would describe the role of ideas, functions of doctrines and prove their unquestioning importance. On the other hand, quite a unique phenomenon called ‘ideological criticism’ was born at the same time. Discovery of ‘false consciousness’ seemed to have rich philosophical traditions but the tendency towards glorification of ideology and analysis of its essential role in human life. In order to compare different approaches to ideology, from denying to glorifying it, the author of the article uses traditions offered by historicism. He also uses the method of phenomenological analysis for analyzing such a complex social phenomenon. The main idea of the article and novelty of the research is that there is no single attitude to ideology. The process of ideologization is replaced with the process of de-ideologization. This is in many ways connected to the social and historical approach. At the meridian of its activity, the government always insists on creating a new ideology and tries to prove its importance and value for the society. In the meantime, new social forces trying to gain the power criticize the previous ideology and try to disclose social myths.

Keywords: ideology, falseconsciousness, ideological criticism, ideologization, re-ideologization, philosophy, world view, history, science, government.

Abstract: The subject of the author’s research is the conceptual and art insight into the world and being as the main feature of the Russian philosophical and social thought. In this regard, the author of the article traces back the historical development of the union of philosophy and poetry. The author focuses on their relation and interprets that union as the genetic code of the Russian spiritual culture. The unity between creativity regulated by ratio and art contemplation managing images created the topics that were common for both philosophy and poetry: the Universe and human existence, life and death, freedom and necessity, good and evil. Touching upon these topics, the author of the article indicates special features of the path of development of Russian philosophy and poetic lyrics in the XIX century. The main methods used in research is the principle of the integrity of being and philosophical perception of the world. The applied method allowed the author to set forth forcibly his conclusion about ‘the poetry of the heart having the same rights as the poetry of the thought’. The main importance and novelty is the author’s analysis of Russian philosophical poetry from the moment of its origin in Russia (early XIX century) till present and focus on similar researches carried out by the most important figures in Russian philosophy such as Vladimir Soloviev, Merezhkovsky, Frank, Stepun, Bulgakov, I. Ilyin and Zenkovsky. The article contains rich historiography on the matter.

Keywords: philosophical reflection, Russian philosophy, conceptual thinking, emotional thinking, rationalism, art contemplation, integrated knowledge, world view, spiritual experience, philosophical poetry, ‘poet – thoughts’.

Abstract: The subject matter of the research presented in this article is the flow of time as the transition of events from the future to the past via the present. Time has both static and dynamic aspects. The flow of time is the dynamic side of time. Metaphorically, the flow of time can be presented as the change of events in the present and their gradual movement to the past. Philosophicalresearchofthisphenomenonmust not be limited to the description at the metaphorical level. It is highly necessary to understand the essence of the flow of time and offer an approach to the formalized description of this phenomenon. The author of the article offers an approach to studying the flow of time as a contradictory phenomenon. According to the author, many philosophers believed contrariety to be the key characteristic of the flow of time. The author emphasizes the need for researches of the dynamic aspects of the subjective time in order to understand the essence of the flow of time as well as to solve the problem of objectivity of the flow of time. The author describes the main properties of the preset (‘now’). He also concludes that the essence of the flow of time is determined by the contradictions between the two properties of the present, synchronism and duration. The author also formulates the argument of the continued presence and proves that the flow of time has a subjective meaning (it exists only in our minds and therefore the flow of time is not the element of the objective time).

Keywords: flow of time, subjective time, time and consciousness, cognitive frames, temporality, dynamic concept of time, static concept of time, mental presence, perception of time, paraconsistent logic.

Abstract: This article is written in the form of a dialogue and continues the interview of Vladimir Kutyrev, the author of the book ‘Time Mortido’, taken by Aleksey Nilogov. The main topic of their interview was the question about manageability of the progress and the interview was published in the NB: Philosophical Researches Journal in 2013. The interview has developed into a conversation. The conversation evolved around the hidden yet sharp dispute between the ‘progressor’ and ‘conservator’. Interlocutors give different and often contrary evaluations of the prospects of the humankind and opinions on the matter. They talk about the tendency towards replacement of everything alive and natural with the technological and artificial. Theauthortouchesuponthe relation between being and nothing, postmodernistic transformation of human into ‘something else’, elimination of the borders between genders and creation of weak (‘thinking’) and strong (‘programmable’) zombies. The author of the book is completely against the boundless expansion of innovative, i.e. post-human technologies and the idea of human im-provement. He tries to prove that the main goal of a modern human should be the preservation of his civilization in the anthropomorphous context. Society where consumption takes the place of production and the world are depicted as the global trading center.

Keywords: being, nothing, trans-humanism, zombie, Derrida, programming, anti-language, homosexuality, selfdestruction, conservatism.

Abstract: In modern science there is a constantly growing interest towards traditional culture. It is due to the multicultural processes aimed at preservation and development of the cultural diversity and tolerance. Multiculturalism encourages self-expression and positioning of ethnic groups and cultural communities at different levels of social institutionalization. It is cause by the fact that in the age of globalization and IT development, tradition becomes a converging, i.e. communication point with the ethnic history that allows to keep the national and cultural integrity. Traditional culture is viewed from the point of view of cultural research using the research methods offered by philosophy, social studies and history. Interdisciplinary approach allows to combine different methodological procedures in order to expand the scientific knowledge. The system method is the main method used in research because it allows to create an integrated concept of traditions, culture, functions, values and many others. Interdisciplinary studies of peculiarities of traditional culture create a complete picture of the ethnos life in the past and predict its activities in the future because ethnos tends to preserve its own values even under the conditions of multiculturalism. Today’s science places different emphases when studying traditional culture and researchers use different methods in order to prevent cultural unification and protect the cultural diversity and singularity.

Keywords: cultural research, traditional culture, traditions, interdisciplinary approach, system method, science, interest, ethnic groups, heritage, national and cultural integrity.

Abstract: The author of the article tries to define environmental aspects of the Ancient philosophy, Medieval philosophy and Renaissance philosophy. The author also raises the question about the essence and descent of human, relation between human and nature, between human and human, the place of human in the world and the destiny of human. In addition, the author of the article touches upon the main ideological and methodological beliefs at the Ancient Times, Middle Ages and Renaissance. The conclusion of the article is that human and nature were in harmony at the Ancient Times. Middle Ages did not ruin but changed that harmony and human already tried to be more important than nature. At the age of Renaissance human made the first attempts to conquer nature. He was believed to be God on earth and tried to change the environment and nature in accordance with his needs and abilities. On the other hand, back in those times the humankind did not have enough abilities and power to ruin the balance and harmony in relations between human and nature.

Keywords: philosophy, nature, human, unity, Middle Ages, Classical Antiquity, self-generation, fundament, chaos, being.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the literature about the ‘new woman’ as an individual literary trend in Great Britain at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The literature was created against the background of the rapid development of the feminist’s movement and deepening gender crisis. The image of the new woman became the symbol of that epoch. Literature about the new woman created numerous debates regarding tender, family and matrimonial issues, in particular, femininity and the status of a woman in the family and society, Victorian marriage, gender, maternity, female sexuality and etc. The author of the article used the hermeneutic method in her research which allowed to conduct a complete analysis of literature about the new woman and define social, ideological and axiological role of cultural transformations caused by the phenomenon of the new woman. Literatureabout the new woman in particular and the phenomenon of the new woman in general still lack serious research by Russian scientists. Being an important part of the literary and socio-cultural environment, literature about the new woman made a significant impact on the development of the world view of contemporaries and contributed to emancipation of a woman and development of a new, more liberal attitude to femininity, marriage and gender relations within the family and society.

Keywords: family, marriage, gender issues, femininity, female emancipation, literature, new woman, maternity, sexuality, gender.

Abstract: The present article continues the discussion of historical and cultural peculiarities of the genesis of Russian entrepreneurship at different levels of the business-government-society relations. In the previous article, the authors viewed the reasons of disharmony between entrepreneurship and political authority. Based on the analysis of rich historical materials, the authors prove the Russian government itself creates certain obstacles for the development of private enterprises. In pre-revolutionary Russia, the close connection between entrepreneurship and state authority had rather questionable consequences. The main target of the economic strategy and the main success criterion was the absorption of someone else’s property instead of establishment and efficient management of one’s own property. Excess richness and power at certain periods of Russian history created obstacles for formation of self-identity of the Russian entrepreneurial class in general. The problem of formation and development of the Russian model of relations between business and government can be well understood through the analysis of particular cases by using the integrated cultural and historical approach. This approach involves the system method, i.e. viewing entrepreneurship as a part of a big institutional and socio-cultural system. The problem is being analyzed at the two levels, the level of the ‘reality’ and the level of the ‘actual practice’. The archaic form of government, the institution of support, defined the development of entrepreneurship. Formation of some kind of ‘incomplete property’ even of the major Russian entrepreneurs, dependence of economic agents on the government and government as the main access to resources significantly slow down the processes of social, economic and political development of the society.

Keywords: Russia, government, entrepreneurship, institutional trap, patrimonialism, political capitalism, government, property, culture, society.

Abstract: In this review the author would like to continue to analyze the genesis of the idea of freedom in the West European philosophy. After touching upon the initial concepts of freedom created at the Ancient Times and Middle Ages as discussed in the article ‘The Concept of the Idea of Freedom in Ancient and Medieval philosophy’ published in the Philosophy and Culture Journal in 2013, the author of the article appeals to the philosophers of the Renaissance and Modern Times. The most important achievement of the Modern Times was the creation of the new concept in metaphysics. That concept viewed freedom and free will as one of the fundamental features of the individual’s life. For the first time in history the man himself determined the rules and his behavior. Later the principle of autonomic activity of a person was developed in the New European philosophy within the framework of the activity of a person who is free in what he thinks and what he says. Therefore, philosophy turned into ‘metaphysics of practical reason’ where the self-sufficient human activity appeared to be the experience of new freedom. Progressive transference of focus from the external world to the internal world created grounds for Freud’s theory of unconsciousness. Fichte and Schelling interpreted freedom in terms of the relation between the consciousness and unconsciousness which was the fundamental difference between romantic philosophy and ‘standard’ philosophy of the age of Enlightenment. At the age of Enlightenment freedom and human reasoning were identical terms. Back in those times the concept of freedom was mostly viewed from the point of view of the relation between an individual and his surroundings.

Keywords: philosophy, freedom, Renaissance, Modern Times, human, free will, society, absolute, choice, action.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the main parameters of traditional spirituality in opposition to post-traditional (modernistic and post-modernistic) spirituality. Methods used by the author in his research are based on theological principles of the Traditional School. From this point of view, the author compares the term ‘tradition’ to the term ‘religion’ and formulates the conditional definition of ‘traditional religion’ as well as describes the main features of traditional religion from the point of view of ontology.

Keywords: philosophy, tradition, religion, desacralization, Post-Modernism, sacred, succession, ritual, transcendence, initiation.

Abstract: This is the translation of B. Kilborn’s article ‘Anthropology and human imagination’. Kilborn’s article is devoted to the history of anthropology that had been thought to be the natural science for quite a long time. Kilborn establishes that anthropology will never be anything else but humanities just like other social studies. The subject matter of anthropology is the humankind and experts in anthropology are humans, too. Kilborn stresses out the important role of human imagination in social and anthropological researches. In this regard he analyzes Giambattista Vico’s work ‘On the Grounds of New Science about the Common Nature of Nations’ where Vico explained the fundamental difference between, on one hand, knowing and understanding and, on the other hand, knowledge and science. This is nothing else but the radical epistemological gap between natural sciences, on one hand, and social studies and humanities, on the other hand. This is the gap the history of anthropology of the XX century tried to overcome.

Keywords: anthropology, human imagination, natural science, humanities, social studies, social anthropology, cultural anthropology.

Abstract: The author of the article suggests to discuss a wide circle of issues related to public ideological processes. The reason for discussion is the book ‘Social Mythology’ written by Pavel Gurevich and published about 30 years ago. The author of the present article notes that Gurevich’ book was in all appearances the first research of the phenomenon of social mythology in Russian philosophy. Back in those times Gurevich could not analyze myths of the communist ideology and therefore he could not provide a critical overview of the concept of scientific ideology. However, a reader with a sharp mind could understand that the phenomenon of social mythology was quite universal. In his later work Pavel Gurevich often touched upon the same matter again and extended the concept of public ideological processes. It can be clearly seen in the materials selected for conducting ‘Round Tables’ under the guidance of Pavel Gurevich and printed in the Analyst Bulletin Journal. In her research the author of the article uses the method of historical analysis which allows to describe different stages of formation of social mythology and understand special features of each period. The novelty of the present research is the creation of a common and clearly established understanding of the role of social mythology in this day and age. The author also touches upon particular polemic issue that could be developed further.

Keywords: philosophy, politics, ideology, ‘false consciousness’, ‘ideological criticism’, re-ideologization, social mythology, idea, public spirit, social practice.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the intellectual biography and creative work of a poet and existential philosopher Benjamin Fondane. Lev Shestov thought of him as his student and follower. The author of the article describes the milestones in Fondane’s creative development. The author analyzes the Rumanian period of his creative work, the stage when he got closer to surrealism and the stage when Shestov’s images had quite an impact on Fondane’s works and when Fondane truly admired Gaston Bachelard. The author studies the derivation of Fondane’s creativity (Jules de Gaultier’s bovarism, dadaism, surrealism, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl’s anthropology and Shestov’s philosophy) and provides an insight into the main works published by the author. The author analyzes literary, critical, philosophical, drama and poetic works written by Fondance as well as the main topics and themes discussing in his works such as motives towards persecution, refrences, loneliness and fear, anxiety and dispair, absurdity of human existence, rebellion against unjustice, opposition between faith and mind, Jerusalism and Aphines. In Addition, the purpose of the article is also to trace back the influence of Shestov’s ideas on Fondane’s world view and ideology as well as to evaluate the contribution of Fondane’s works about Shestov to the distribution of the ideas of Russian philosophy.

Keywords: existential philosophy, Lev Shestov, ‘poor consciousness’, surrealism, bovarism, existential poetry, migration, pure cinematograph, paralogical thinking, infinity.

Abstract: Out of all the books published by the Canon + Publishing, the author of the present article selected works that contain a special interest towards philosophy, its peculiarities and intended purpose. Philosophy has many centuries of history. Over the centuries philosophy has been changing and acquiring different and often incompatible definitions. There are so many definitions of philosophy that it is rather difficult to sort them through. The books covered by the review actually give the panoramic review of modern philosophy. For example, in his study book A. Zotov describes numerous Western philosophy schools and gives their full evaluation. T. Kuzmina’s thesis contains many polemic statements and represents a good example of the academic thought. ‘Brief Introduction to Philosophy’ allows to describe the structure of philosophy. K. Horney’s book is given with a new and more precise translation. The review of these books gives an idea about the actual status of modern literature for graduate and post-graduate students. This is what makes the review new and practically important.

Keywords: philosophy, history, spirit, culture, existentialism, existential faith, ontology, values, religion, psychoanalysis.