Abstract: The article is devoted to the philosophical expertise of the term ‘hatred’. The author of the article analyzes hatred not only as an individual feeling but also as a social phenomenon. The author worries about the growth of hatred in the global community and Russian environment and tries to show that this dangerous symptom may lead to catastrophic consequences. In his research Pavel Gurevich analyzes historical disasters caused by fierce hatred. Hatred is viewed as a trigger of social convulsions. The author also thinks about how to decrease the degree of mutual intolerance so that hatred does not leave the burnt field of reason, the fur of ill affects and the boomerang effect. Methods used by the author in this article relate to the phenomenology of social thinking. The author bases himself on particular expressions of philosophers about hatred which creates a complete Gestalt picture of hatred as an emotional state. The author also uses the basic provision of psychoanalysis about ambivalent nature of human feelings and following Shakespeare describes hatred in love and tenderness as a disguise of hatred. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that neither philosophical no ethic vocabularies do not have a section devoted to this emotional state. The author proves hatred to be the irremovable feature of human nature. Based on Seneca, Friedrich Nietzsche, Erich Fromm, Jean-Paul Sartre and examples from the world and Russian history, the author describes different sides of this phenomenon, ist social, psychological and anthropological roots.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, rage, hatred, phenomenology, emotional ambivalence, hostility, malevolence, frenzy, history.

Abstract: The purpose of the research is to clarify the main peculiarities of philosophical discourse by comparing it to other branches of theoretical knowledge (first of all, science). As a result, philosophical discourse is described by the author as a special theoretical activity which peculiarities include unique auto-reflectivity, broad competiveness in interpretation of both objects and methods of this activity, the absence of both scientific verifiability of results and consistent succession of the problem definition. This leads to the path of ‘eternal return’ to ‘eternal issues’ The article is focused not only on the results of philosophizing but also on the philosophical practice itself (as it was defined by Alasdair Maclntyre). Noteworthy that to differentiate between different types of philosophy, it is necessary to answer the question whether a philosopher has a goal to solve particular, usually traditional, problems (for example, metaphysical questions) by the means of common rationality (philosophical classicism) or a goal to create the ‘newspeak’ where concepts are replaced with metaphors (so called philosophical avant-garde). This delimitation offered by the author is an innovation in the sphere of comparative studies of American and continental philosophy. The author also establishes the thesis that being one of the modern philosophical trends, analytical tradition – the modern version of traditional philosophy – is more capable of producing ‘philosophical results’ than others. The author of the article shows that the most significant drawback of Russian philosophy is the absence of serious interest towards researches of concepts, terms and controversial topics. According to the author, today these researches are replaced with the imitations of post-modernistic ‘literature philosophizing’.

Keywords: philosophy, research activity, reflection, metaphysics, counterversion, classical science, post-modernism, analytical tradition, science, literature.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the philosophical concepts of general nature and particular nature that were based on Neo-Platonism and Aristotelianism and made a significant influence on the ideas of Christian philosophers of the Byzantium epoch. The cornerstone of the present research is the analysis of the above mentioned natures. In this regard, the author analyzes the interpretations of the above mentioned natures from the points of view of physicality and the bodiless. The author analyzes which interpretation proves to be efficient, what general nature is and what particular nature is and how these two natures are related. This is mostly an analytical research. The author applies the system approach and views each concept of nature as a system of related ideas and views. The author has used the question-and-answer method to make his analysis more accurate and detailed. The author proves that the concepts of natural nature and particular nature are not necessarily alternative (at least when reasonable beings are concerned). Quite on the contrary, general natures exist side by side with particular natures, both general and particular natures are bodiless and have the same ontological status. Particular nature is the combination of general nature and the principle of individuation. The latter is bodiless, too.

Keywords: ontology, Plato, Aristotle, Neo-Platonism, bodiless, David the Invincible, John Philoponus, general nature, particular nature, principle of individuation.

Abstract: Today philosophy as well as other humanitarian and natural sciences are focused on overcoming limitations of classical and nonclassical approaches (as defined by V. Stepin). Although a great research has been carried out in this sphere, there are still a lot of unclear and undeveloped aspects left. One of them is the process of meaning-making when the whole range of knowledge is being established. These are the important issues the given article is devoted to. Based on a number of works written by great scientific researchers (in particular, a contemporary French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and a Russian philosopher Yakov Svirsky) and the author’s predecessors, the author compares different points of view on the phenomenon of meaning-making. Noteworthy that the author also analyzes the relation between the meaning-making process and the process of defining whether information created as a result of successful completion of the former process is true or false. As the final result, the author develops a methodological outline of the general scheme for describing meaning-making processes in all types of knowledge. Meanings (according to Deleuze’s hypotheses which were later developed by Yakov Svirsky) have been linked to Deleuze’s concept of surface. There the proliferation and some kind of recession.

Keywords: Gilles Deleuze, Yakov Iosifovich Svirsky, surface, meaning, logic, transdisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, types of knowledge, scientific theories, proliferation.

Abstract: Proper names and surnames are a special subsystem in the system of vocabulary where linguistic laws change quite specifically like a ray of light when it is transferred from one medium to another. This subsystem has the patterns that cannot be met outside the sphere of proper names. The author of the article studies surnames in languages of different systems. She underlines that surnames are created based on the linguistic rules and therefore reflect the history of language. Azerbaijani, English and German surnames also reflect the history of nation. Languages of different systems have similar and different anthroponyms that allow to understand the connection between cultures of different nations. This provides an opportunity to establish that surnames are part of the history of nation and culture. Inheriting communication media that were created long time ago, each speech community develops and improves these media depending on their growing needs. Languages of different systems – Azerbaijani, English and German – have particular differences and similarities in surnames that allow to understand the relation between cultures of different nations and common roots of these cultures. This provides an opportunity to establish that surnames are part of the culture and history of nation.

Keywords: proper names, language, surnames (last names), scientific researches, anthroponomical models, nickname, history of language, history of nation, component.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of the imperial as a category of political philosophy. In the first part of the article the author analyzes common myths related to the term ‘empire’ and proves these myths to be indefensible and very different from actual historical events. The second part of the article views the category ‘imperial’ in terms of its relation to the ideologies that were popular in the 20th century, i.e. nationalism, socialism and liberalism. The author describes the connection between the imperial idea and liberal, nationalistic and socialistic ideas. The author also shows the close connection between the two categories, the ‘imperial’ and ‘civilizations’. The author gives a definition of the positive idea of the empire. The main research methods used by the author include methods obtained from comparative political studies, abstraction (which allows to withdraw from details that do not interest us), analysis and synthesis (which provide the integral concept of the ‘imperial’). There are a lot of conjectures and prejudices around the definition of ‘empire’ and these conjectures and prejudices do not allow us to see the essential features behind the process of establishment of a state which was later called ‘empire’ by historians. According to the author, the category ‘imperial’ is inseparable from the categories ‘universal’ and ‘order’. If we are to give a very short definition of the empire, we can call it a ‘universal order’. In the modern world captured by the wave of globalization, the question about the universal order grows especially important and so does the question about the empire.

Keywords: empire, civilization, ideology, universal order, state, history, global, liberalism, nationalism, socialism.

Abstract: Central Asian states have been going through many crises lately. Some of these crises are more than evident. This includes the crisis of generations, bellicosity of religious groups and the crisis of confidence which can be clearly seen among Tadjiks after the civil war (1992 – 1997). Some manifestations of crisis (for example, problems with the national concept and disagreements between member states) can be described as ‘structural’, i.e. influencing transformation of social relations. We assume that the aforesaid questions can be solved if political leaders are intelligent and decisive enough. Moreover, each state has financial capacities to solve these issues. However, cultural crisis still remains and this is the more profound and continued issue. The reason is that the modern world tends to choose more radical paths and go beyond morals or culture. This leads to the loss of a traditional pattern which was based on the established moral community system adopted in Central Asia. The traditional pattern is replaced with hedonism which withdraws us from understanding historical consequences of immorality and all-permissiveness. The author assumes that the cultural crisis of the region can be less painful if the local community takes part in solving the aforesaid issues. The importance of theoretical and methodological principles of analyzing a community has the two interrelated aspects: 1) individual should be viewed as a member of the community; 2) the author declares the importance of a number of values that are usually less demanded in individual philosophy; these values include mutual respect, tradition, virtue and others, i.e. the ethic principles that can function and be used by modern actors. The scientific novelty of the article is in the system analysis of the philosophical and cultural potential of the Central Asian community. Conclusion: Central Asian peoples should not lose their community culture and the feeling of internal balance. When a person loses that feeling, he tends to fill in the emptiness inside him with goods or manipulates his identity working himself into euphoric dissolution with the community. This leads to the development of hedonism and totalitarianism. Therefore, it is necessary for the community to search for their own model of glocalization (globalization plus localization) when global and local processes are not opposed to each other. In her article the author talks about creating a new social and cultural balance that unites the process of modernization of local social institutions with the innovations of the global multi-cultural civilization.

Keywords: community, morals, culture, individualism, Islam, tradition, communitarianism, memory, Mahalla, variety.

Abstract: The subject of the present article is the thesis on ‘naturality’ of religion offered by cognitive religious studies. The main idea is that religion is a resulting function of ordinary cognitive processes and therefore exists at the two parallel levels of conceptualization of religious concepts. The first level is presented by complex and abstract notions relevant to doctrinal formulas of particular religious traditions while the second level consists of simple and ‘incorrect’ (from the doctrinal point of view) notions expressing natural tendencies of our thinking and constituting ‘natural religion’. Analyzing the formation and development of the concept of ‘natural religiosity’ in cognitive religious studies, the authors define the methodological and heuristic potential of the concept and offer a definition of ‘natural religion’ from the point of view of cognitive paradigm. Introduction of the concept of ‘natural religiosity’ reveals new opportunities for experimental researches of the processes of formation and transformation of religious notions and allows to deal with the question about the relation between religious and atheistic world views at a new level. The idea of ‘natural religion’ also seems to be quite useful. It is used as an important heuristic instrument in comparative researches describing the phenomenon of ‘people’s’ religion and explaining digressions from the official teaching of this or that religious tradition.

Keywords: cognitive religious studies, natural religion, religiosity, intuitive ontology, genesis of religious concepts, counter intuitivity, theological inaccuracy, super-natural concepts, anthropomorphism, agent.

Abstract: If we want to have an authentic perception of the sacral Biblical writing, first we need to understand the nature of parable as a special literary genre that has a moral-didactic meaning and tempts a listener or a reader to understand the ‘out-of-limit’ reality that can be reached in the eschatological perspective declared by a prophet. For the majority of both past and contemporary researchers of the Evangelical sacral writing, the parable is still a mystery, enigma that cannot be interpreted in a traditional way. From the point of view of a scientifically based methodological approach, all concepts need the clearest definition. Based on works of Russian and foreign researchers, the author of the present article offers the best definition of ‘parable’. The definition offered by the author reveals the essential nature of this important Biblical term and gives a key to understanding the parable from the point of view of religious ontology, ethics, axiology and religious studies. In this research the author uses a scientific approach to studying the phenomenon of Evangelical parable. The author has also used comparative-linguistic, analytical, historical-cultural, ethic-psychological, hermeneutic and exegetical methods. Analysis of the logic-dialectical and ethic-didactic aspects, main functional, essential features and ethical-axiological and psychological functions of the parable is very important for the world view, philosophical, religious and methodological spheres. A series of articles devoted to the phenomenon of the parable is based on the lectures ‘Parables in world religions: comparative analysis of sources’ given by the author at the department of philosophy of religion and religious studies, philosophical faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Keywords: parable, metaphor, allegory, the New Testament, Christianity, hermeneutics, exegetics, level of perception, comparative linguistics, parabole.

Abstract: The author of the article describes the development of bio-socio-cultural model of human nature. Based on this model, the author defines the main historical epochs, tendencies and prospects of the existence and development of human in a modern world. The author predicts an increasingly reinforcement of processes and phenomena indicative of culture-centered modification of human nature. The author underlines that despite the concerns expressed by Margareta Bertilsson and Jean Baudrillard, this circumstance does not mean the end or implosion of social or natural determination of human but transformation of the level of their activity. Based on the critical analysis of the ideas of Russian and foreign philosophers (E. Barkova, V. Davidovich, B. Latour, M. Kagan, Yu. Fedorov and A. Schutz), the author establishes the hypothesis about a particular way of existence and functioning of culture as an internal contradictory unity of an objectified subject and subjectified object. Interpreting ‘item’, ‘standard’, ‘value’ and ‘symbol’ as the main and general forms, the author makes a conclusion about the methodological importance of the subjective (David Durkheim), standard (Claude Levi-Strauss), axiological (Heinrich Rickert) and symbolic (Ernst Cassirer) concepts of culture.

Keywords: methodology, human nature, archaic character, civilization, culture, item, standard, value, symbol, human creating potential.

Abstract: The present article is based on the philosophical-cultural approach and is a part of the research program aimed at explication of the substantial antagonism of the archaic myth as an ‘early mirror of the world’ and modern advertisement which is almost naturally thought to be the phenomenon with mythological features. The topic of vital forces, their preservation and accumulation is one of the central ones in both classical mythology and advertising discourse which allows to view specifics of the prehistorical and contemporary market vitalism as a topical area to be studied in detail. The present research is based on the comparative method that involves the comparison of the prehistorical concept of vital forces modeled by using the ethnographic cross-cultural analysis with the most typical features of advertising vitalism. The author of the article shows that archaic views and practices represent human as a key element of the universal circulation of vital forces and a subject possessing, allocating and consuming vital forces. On the contrary, the advertising concept of vital forces turn an advertising hero into a plain buyer of a ‘packaged’ simulative dose. Extreme forms of such reductive approach makes the subjective existence to be an exclusive attribute of a marketable substance while a consumer deprived of his own vital potential represents a personification of a subjective nothing.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, mythology, ceremony, advertising, vital forces, vitality, substance, subjectivity, reduction.

Abstract: Philosophical views of one of the most mysterious and controversial philosophers who were into the spiritual and moral search Peter D. Ouspensky are described as the philosopher’s life journey which, unlike usual chronicles of life, is filled with philosophical reflection, has the internal psychological truth and shows the philosopher’s ideas in terms of the philosopher’s personal biography. From the philosophical point of view, spiritual and moral search involves, first of all, a search or a process, a living force that, unlike in classical philosophical systems and scientific researches, has the structure and content expressing the results of a completed research. Peter D. Ouspensky’s philosophy is viewed not as the system of categories but as the spiritual and moral search of the philosopher as a human. In this regard, his philosophy has much potential for creative co-partnership and a new understanding of universal philosophical ideas and timeless values in terms of the modern age. The analysis carried out by the author was focused on the most fundamental creative ideas of Peter D. Ouspensky: secret knowledge, esoteric Christianity, experimental mysticism, the fourth dimension, multi-dimensional universe, superman, eternal returns and ‘psychological’ evolution of the humanity. All these ideas are closely connected and complete each other. The second essay is devoted to the so-called ‘Gurdieff’s’ period in Peter D. Ouspensky’s period (1915 – 1924), contradictory relations between the teacher and the follower and between Gurdjieff’s system and Ouspensky’s ideas. According to the author, those were the years of rewarding work over developing a new model of Universe and methods of psychological evolution of the humankind and, at the same time, the years of drudgery, spiritual discordance and reappraisal of values.

Keywords: Peter D. Ouspensky, new model of Universe, secret knowledge, experimental mysticism, the fourth dimension, esoteric circle, superman, ‘psychological’ evolution, George Gurdjieff’s system, human of a new race.

Abstract: The present article is devoted to an important method of Immanuel Kant’s critical philosophy – transcendental deduction. The author of the article focuses on how this method is used in Kant’s main woks on practical philosophy such as ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’ and ‘Critique of Practical Reason’. The purpose of the article is to clarify whether Kant’s practical philosophy describes the transcendental deduction of the groundwork of practical reason just like the transcendental deduction of pure reason categories is presented in ‘Critique of Practical Reason’. To solve the aforesaid problem, the author of the article provides a brief description of the deduction of reason categories. After that the author reconstructs the logic of reasoning in the main works of Kant on practical philosophy based on the supposition that the structure of the deduction of Kant’s practical philosophy must be similar to the structure of deduction in speculative philosophy. The author shows that Kant’s practical philosophy presents a successful deduction of the main grounds of partial reason. It is concluded that despite a common opinion in the studies of Kant, his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and Critique of Practical Reason present the same project of deduction. The author of the present article reconstructs metaphysical and transcendental deduction in Kant’s practical philosophy. The author eliminates the visibility of the vicious circle connected with Kant’s statement that freedom and unconditional partial law are mutually interdependent. It is concluded that the logic of deduction in practical philosophy makes us to significantly extend the term ‘experience’ in Kant’s philosophy.

Keywords: practical philosophy, freedom, transcendental deduction, metaphysical deduction, practical reason, moral law, categorical imperative, experience, will, free will.

Abstract: The question about cultural and ideological reasons of the origin of Christian art in the late Ancient Times is still a rather understudied topic. The grounds for creating the fine art canon that defined the particularity of the Byzantine Art are still rather unknown, too, while canonic art itself is rather a well-studied phenomenon. The present article touches upon the problems of esthetical and spiritual experience in art of the early Christian and Byzantine epochs. The author analyzes the process of creation of esthetic concepts and transformation of artistic canons, the shift of the esthetic modus and refusal from the idea of the beauty and replacement of it with the idea of the sublime. Special attention is devoted to studying ways and methods of application of anagogic experience in art and analysis of the role of creative fantasy as a special form of esthetic experience. The topic under research lies at the interface of esthetics, theology, cultural research and art studies which creates the need for application of interdisciplinary methods and attraction of a wide circle of sources. Canon is presented by the author as a set of rules and recommendations aimed at artistic fixation of the so called anagogic spiritual experience typical for Eastern Christianity. Canon is presented as a mechanism regulating the process of creative imagination of an icon painter. The process of imagination is defined as a specific form of the imaginary space where theoretical categories become the images to be understood.

Keywords: Byzantine canon, icon, mystical experience, fantasy, esthetic experience, symbol, artistic image, the sumblime, mimetic representation, anagoge.

Abstract: The subject under research is the musical stylizations in cinematograph based on the example of iconic Russian movies of the 1960th – 1980th. The author of the article describes the process of evolution of ways, forms and meanings of musical stylizations throughout the history of cinematograph in the 20th century. Based on the hermeneutic definition of game, the author describes peculiar stylizations used by Dmitri Shostakovich, Alfred Schnittke, Sergey Kuryokhin and other composers. These stylizations do not only characterize the composer’s style and movie director’s conception but also reflect the ideological and artistic trends of those times. The author studies stylizations in terms of the audiovisual counterpoint, polysemantic structure of a cadre and esthetics of visual absurdity. The author has used the hermeneutic method of interpreting an artwork, historical-cultural approach, method of comparative analysis of genres and styles of musical art and cinematograph. This is the first research to study musical stylizations in cinematograph based on the hermeneutic definition of play as well as hermeneutic categories of esthetical empathy, feeling and understanding and creation of a theoretical model of a piece of art. The author provides grounds for understanding musical stylizations in cinematograph as a play in the player space and makes a conclusion about the beginning of the stage of globalization in the world artistic process which is reflected, particularly, in the polycultural nature of modern musical stylizations in cinematograph.

Keywords: cinematograph, screen music, musical stylization, audiovisual concept, sound track, player space, hermeneutics, esthetic mind, audiovisual counterpoint, polystylistics.