Abstract: Philosophy of culture deals with a huge number of facts. These facts are described in cultural anthropology, sociology of culture, theology of culture, ethnology, cultural philosophy and history of culture. However, contradictory empirical facts do not always clarify metaphysical problems. Progression from one cultural epoch to another significantly transforms the cultural panorama. This creates a need in a theory which would describe the cultural process as something whole, variants of socio-dynamic models, archetypical situations and patterns of repetition and transformation of constant element of culture. Philosophy helps to understand diverse human experience and how it is possible to turn human to cultural cosmos. Philosophy of culture tries to go deep into the most unexpected and constantly renewed paradoxes of human existence while a cultural philosopher is meant to define general standards for evaluating existing cultural states. The question about the status of philosophy of culture was also discussed by a famous Russian philosopher Fyodor Stepun.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophy of culture, truth, philosophy of life, romanticism, human, soul, knowledge, East, Stepun.

Abstract: Atomism and holism are viewed as the two opposing but at the same time completing each other approaches in the modern theory of complex self-organizing systems (this theory is also called the ‘complexity theory’). Atomism is related to complex world structures and their fractal organization which bring us to elementary and further indivisible structural fragments that lie in the basis of complex space-and-time structures. Atomism refers to studying levels of existence and elements, parts and subsystems. At the same time, it is shown that the entire complexity theory is filled with holism and this holism often has an evolutionary nature. In evolution of complex self-organizing systems holism is associated with the appearance of emergence features of holistic structures and discreteness defined by a set of structures – evolution attractors. Modern atomism also refers to so called perception frames in cognitive science. Based on the system and evolutionary approach, the author offers certain arguments proving the hypothesis about the appearance of alphabetic writing and the teaching about atoms in physical nature (as introduced by A. Kozyrev and V. Lysenko).

Keywords: perception frames, fractality, complex systems, continuity, linguistic hypothesis, holism, discontinuity, atomism, evolutionary epistemology, emergence.

Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the categories of being from the point of view of philosophy and natural science. The author underlines the heuristic function of this category for a number of physical, biological and cognitive sciences. Taking into account opinions of modern scientists, the author suggests and proves the hypothesis about information programs of material development, living systems and mental and cognitive structures. The author also provides the general description of being as unified information environment of the universe and culture.

Keywords: philosophy, being, material, life, consciousness, creative ideas, information, program, science, culture.

Abstract: The author analyzes the contents of the static concept of time and the main forms of this concept in modern philosophy. The article also studies the relation between the static concept of time and views of the Antique philosopher Parmenides of Elea. The author analyzes opinions of modern researchers who actually admit that there is such a certain relation between them. It is concluded that it is impossible to study Parmenides’ views as any form of the static concept of time. The author shows that it is important to analyze the Parmenides’ approach to being and existence in order to set out the problem of time in philosophy and to solve the problem about ontological circumstances of time objectivation. The author traces back tendencies to solve the question about the relation between time, eternity and plurality in late neo-Platonism and concludes that the solution is that the eternal but not temporal interpretation of this relation prevails. It is concluded the method of presenting time as B-series in modern philosophy (so called static concept of time) allows not only temporary, but also a-temporary and even eternal interpretation. It is pointed out that the main role of alternative interpretations is that they again raise a question about the actual difference between ontology of time and ontology of eternity.

Keywords: philosophy, time, eternity, plurality, temporality, a-temporality, ontology, Parmenides, neo- Platonism.

Abstract: The article presents the very first attempt to perform a positive reconstruction of Nihilistic Revolution outlined by Friedrich Nietzsche in his late works (1882-1888). Even though it was rarely noticeable in his works published during the philosopher’s life, the theory of nihilistic revolution showed itself in a form of certain sayings and expressions and remarks included in his ‘Will to Power’ which had never been finished. As a result of the ‘will to power’ and ‘eternal coming back’ developed by the philosopher during that period, the concept of nihilistic revolution opposed to social-democratic theories of social development, socialistic and Darwinism theories which dominated in XIX century. Completely denying the historical heritage of XVII-XVIII philosophy, Nietzsche developed the idea of ‘reevaluation’ and replaced Christian nihilism, social justice and Christian retribution with the idea of the Great Politcy and new social anthropology, i.e. the theory of a ‘superman’. When working on his ideas of nihilistic revolution, the philosopher developed a new time of reasoning which he called ‘Divine Image of Thought’. Applying the motto Sapere audi discovered by Kant, Nietzsche followed many socialistic and reformatory ideas to their logical end. The philosopher also formulated many ideas as a forecast of the future totalitarian regime of national states in XX century and anticipates global political activities of the ‘Masters of Earth’ and methods of future political order. In the process of writing his theory of nihilistic revolution, Nietzsche raises a question about the ‘social price’ or ressentiment of the future social development, methods of social development of the humankind in general, purposes of such development and the place of philosophy in this development.

Keywords: philosophy, power, will, nihilism, super-man, Darwinism, rationalism, utopia, revolution, Enlightenment.

Abstract: The research is focused on the phenomenon of authorship and transformation of this phenomenon in modern culture as a result of appearance of a new information-based type of culture and virtual environment. These cultural changes including new textual methods and methods of text reproduction, new writing resources, electronic texts and Internet hypertexts, new reading habits and etc. allow to see the authorship in a different light. Even though this can be considered to be an author’s ‘philosophical death’, modern culture still views an author as a creator and demiurge and, at the same time, it has a tendency to deprive of personal character and erase the uniqueness and authenticity of writing as well as dependence of text on virtual mediators. Modern information civilization has changed writing resources, reading habits and the dialogue ‘author-text-reader’ which led not only to transformation of the author’s function but also to appearance of new multi-media forms of virtual self-expression and creativity.

Keywords: philosophy, author, virtual world, text, hyper-text, transformation, moderator, copywriter, free-lancer, culture, world perception, society, human, development.

Abstract: Ideological grounds of Roman-Catholic Modernism and Russian Christian Modernism (‘Neo- Christianity’) doctrines included symbolism. The article raises a question about M. Herbert’s ‘symbolism’ and its role for the Russian Christian modernism combined with the problems of traditional religious consciousness during that period (1880-1910) The author also touches upon the relation between Catholic modernism and Herbert’s philosophy. French modernism was closely connected with pragmatism and Russian researchers studied both phenomena at the same time. Discussion of the Russian religious intelligentsia (1909-1910) turned out to be related to epistemological problem just as Herbert imaged. Both Herbert and modernists became disappointed in ‘symbolism’ as a mediatory mean of denoting the transcendental.

Keywords: philosophy, Neo-Christianity, Herbert, symbolism, Divine, Savoyard symbol, Modernism, Merezhkovsky, theology, consciousness.

Abstract: Perception of the Russian country after the October Revolution is well shown in Osip Mandelstam’s poems and very well completed with the memoirs written by his wife. What role did that October play for the country? What happened to people as a result of the civil war, ‘military communism’ and collectivization? How did the Bolsheviks power and Russian intelligentsia change over the twenty years after the Revolution? Answers to these questions can be found in Mandelstam’s works. The same questions are deeply and fairy addressed by his wife in her memoirs.

Keywords: philosophy, world perception, culture, power, nation, human, society, intelligentsia, life, death.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the definition of political development. The author describes the content, stages, means, forms and grounds of political development and shows a close connection between political development and political life. It is established that political life is one of the means of political development or so called political evolution. Analysis of the structure of political development allows to make a conclusion and understand grounds and forms of political life as well as particular factors of its destruction.

Keywords: philosophy, politics, political being, political life, political dynamics, political changes, political development, political evolution, political process, political progress.

Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the most important terms in German culture, the concept of longing and yearning (Sehnsucht). Special attention is paid at etymology of the concept and its interpretation in philosophy. The author describes the main features of longing: uncertain pattern, no significant reason, inability to satisfy it and connection with one’s being. The author also underlines the ambivalence of that feeling and views how that concept was reflected in German poetry and Romanticism fine arts.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, cultural concept, longing and yearning (Sehnsucht), romanticism, mentality, Weltschmerz (cosmic sadness), Fernweh (crave for travel), Heinweh (homesickness), Caspar David Friedrich.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the key meanings of humanism in relation to culture. The author shows the contradicting nature of humanism as the love for mankind. Humanism is shown as a search of a human for his own self. The author also discusses the questions about relations between a human as a subject and being in history of culture. Humanism, as a discovery of a human of his being and discover of human as being are opposed to human anti-humanism (subject-without-being).

Keywords: philosophy, humanism, culture, human, love for mankind, subject, activity, being, existence, subjectivism.

Abstract: The author of the article describes a complex dynamic structure of a creative situation and shows the relation between creative situation and learning situation. Based on a philosophical approach and the theory of complex systems and phenomenological approach, the author also offers a new description of an insight, an important element in creating and learning activities. The author describes a pre-insight state of mind and its role in the creative process. The author also shows that a creative situation includes not only an individual mind but also his social environment. More than that, existential views influence the individual and social context, too. The role of a creative situation and creation of something new are being analyzed based on the definitions of chaos and self-organization.

Keywords: philosophy, creativity, knowledge, complexity, situation, insight, chaos, work, definition, meaning.

Abstract: Fear is not only one of the basic feelings but also a powerful factor influencing the development of the system of education. The author describes the most disputable positions and their solutions which allows to find out a number of contradictions within the system. The article discusses the potentials of the education phenomenon because education can not only convey cultural values and reflect the reality but can also form them.

Keywords: philosophy, education, culture, fear, potential, dialogue, childhood, determinism, being, values.

Abstract: The present article analyzes the monograph written by Ilyin I.V., Ursula A. D., Ursul T. A. and called ‘Global Evolutionism: Ideas, Problems, Hypothesis’. We believe that the authors have developed a complex, information synergetic approach to studying evolutionary processes. This approach is not only a trans-disciplinary methodological innovation. It is actually an approach which better reflects the idea of global evolutionism by combining ongoing and future and past processes of global evolution altogether. Global evolutionism is shown as a combination of ideas, concepts, problems and hypotheses devoted to one of the main evolutionary processes in the Universe, a permanent self-organization of material systems which leads to progressive development of non-organic and organic nature and then society. Global evolutionism offers a wide range of opportunities for studying global processes and systems which cannot be studied by traditional methods. The monograph also contains much information to be used in global studies as well.

Keywords: philosophy, global studies, global evolutionism, information approach, information synergetic approach, cosmic consciousness, co-evolution, noospherogenesis, sustainable development, noospherology.

Abstract: Jacques Derrida and Aurelius Augustinus have been traditionally thought to be representing the opposing tendencies: the former attracted attetion at what he called the phonetic writing or logocentrism and the latter followed the onto-theological approach which was based on the idea of the World being created by Word. However, the analysis of relations between an item and a sign, designator and designatum, writing and sound, as described in Augustinus’ diaologue ‘About the Teacher’, shows that both philosophers had much in common.

Keywords: philosophy, item, sign, writing, sound, designatum, meaning, nothing, logo-centrism, grammatology.