Abstract: Texts often take shape of ideology. This is why it would be right to raise a question about whether ideology can be a scientific concept. According to Paul Ricoeur, the term ‘ideology’ has a wrong interpretation. This causes a number of wrong beliefs. Only precise semantic framework established as a result of ‘accurate description’ can sole such wrong beliefs. Paul Ricoeur refers this methodological approach to phenomenology (or so called semantic phenomenology).

Keywords: philosophy, phenomenology, discourse, text, wrong belief, methodology, cogitation, social critics, Paul Ricoeur, semantics.

Abstract: Based on the analysis of Plato’s dialogues, the author describes Plato’s idea of truth that is directly related to such philosophical category as ‘being’. Plato was the first philosopher to distinguish the three definitions of truth: 1) truth as the feature of being; 2) truth as the feature of human knowledge; 3) truth as the feature of human existence. In Plato’s dialogues love for truth determines all the aspects of true existence of human. Dialectics of search for truth cause the tripartite interpretation of the term: 1) truth is the content like the ‘pure’ (self-identical and everlasting) being; 2) truth is the feature of knowledge aimed at either this ‘pure’ being (when the truth is knowledge) or appearing and disappearing (formation) of items (opinion); 3) truth is the feature of human existence in the world as shown in Plato’s philosophy of state. Plato’s philosophical concept of truth serves as an example for further search for truth at all stages in history of Western philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, truth Plato, dialogues, ontology, gnoseology, being, value, absolute truth, dialectics.

Abstract: The author of the article views some fundamental ideas of Alexander Bogdanov’s empiriomonism from the point of view of their development throughout the history. The author of the article suggests the interpretation based on ideas of modern constructivism. The author also gives evaluation to tectology as the general science and the first attempt of Russian philosophers to present philosophy as a science that has a structure. Alexander Bogdanov outlined the main contours of the paradigm shift in the perception of the dual subject-object world.

Keywords: philosophy, duality, inter-reference, constructivism, substitution, difference, self-reference, meaning, tectology, empiriomonism.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the system of Pyotr Berngardovich Struve’s views on economy and the model of capitalization of Russian economy presented by Struve during him being interested in Marx (or so called ‘legal Marxism’). This model and Struve’s ideas still retain their theoretical and practical significance and stay in tune with today’s problems of Russia’s modernization.

Keywords: philosophy, social modeling, modernization, economic system, economic growth, public policy, social progress, capitalism, populism, legal Marxism, conservative liberalism.

Abstract: The given article views theoretical aspect of studying the influence of socio-cultural factors on political developments. The author of the given article describes the limitations of the ‘political culture’ approach that prevails in Russian and foreign political science today. Since the mentioned approach is not sufficient, the author proves that it is necessary to view dynamics of interaction between political developments and socio-cultural factors over time because culture and politics have always been dynamic phenomena. The author also makes a summary of how this issue relates to such social phenomena as dynamics of political regimes, influence of ethnic, linguistic, socialstratification and religious features on political developments, influence of the level of common wealth, geographic determinism, political and other cultural rituals, international relations, negotiations, identity, separatism, influence on educational policy, up-bringing and etc. The author of the article also talks about practical application of studied theories to solving topical issues of modern policy.

Keywords: cultural studies, culture, cultural dynamics, political culture, political developments, social dynamics, socio-cultural dynamics, socio-cultural factors, theory of culture, theory of politics.

Abstract: The article studies prospects of transformation of the scientific rationality concept into prohibition of ad hominem argument, the latter entering into conflict with the wide spread ideology of multiculturalism that denies orientation at a universal subject. In the course of the analysis the author discovers the following two scenarios: implementation of anti-global tendencies in the form of antiscientism and another expansion of borders set forth by scientific rationalism.

Keywords: philosophy, ad hominen argument, multiculturalism, rationality, globalization, argumentation, antiscientism, mainstream culture, academic discussion, universal and unique.

Abstract: Indian Vedas show that their authors had a quite established concept of the cause and the driver of any natural phenomena, in other words, its actor and subject. Actors of cosmological processes and phenomena were Gods who had a number of cosmic functions allowing dynamics and unity of the world. The author of the article describes such heaven bodies and associated gods as Sun, Earth, Moon and some stars and planets from this point of view. The author describes the genealogy of such gods and their relations as world actors. The diversity of features of heaven bodies made the Vedas authors to invent diversified deification. The author of the article suggests a certain logic scheme for analyzing gods’ images. This scheme includes a number of different hypostases of gods: description of their appearance and spiritual image, cosmic and social functions and real referents. Analyzing the main gods from this point of view, the author concluded that mythological images were synthetic mental constructs consisting of components of different epistemological value. Myth-makers also shared their views on certain important universal characteristics of the reality such as the law of universal circulation, both natural and social space, time and movement within the Universe. In his article the author shares his logic of understanding the reality that is typical for the initial stage of any cognitive process including scientific one.

Keywords: philosophy, Universe, Sun, gods, time, movement, thinking, imagination, real, fictious.

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to define the strategies of opposition to the influence of prison sub-cultures on social and discursive practices in Russian culture. A good example of such opposition was found in texts under one theme ‘reflexive discourse’ that included texts written by Russian authors as memories about their time in GULAG. Using the discursive analysis method, the author defined the key signature of the reflexive discourse ‘prison — freedom’ that has the three levels of conceptual connotations. Analysis of these connotations allowed to identify the strategies of opposition to escalation of prison and criminal values in a society. Comparison of discursive practices described by literary texts and social practices shows that a project of reflective discourse appeared to be unclaimed in Russian culture. It was not realized in social practices and therefore became part of the discursive historical archives. The author of the article describes certain contradictions of reflective discourse that hinders from its influence on social practices. First of all this is the latent shift of reflective discourse expressions to criminal traditions which couldn’t have been avoided under GULAG conditions. Secondly, this is also the fact that the spread of knowledge about prison sub-culture has had a distorted effect — society hasn’t formed a negative attitude to prison sub-culture but formed a heroic image of a convict.

Keywords: cultural studies, sub-culture, GULAG, discourse, practice, freedom, non-freedom, reflection, opposition, prison.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the creative process as some kind of a dialogue between an artist and art material when, combining ‘ingenuity’, ‘affectation’ and ‘temptation’, the artist can create being out of non-being. The author of the article analyzes qualitative characteristics of a master creating art work. It has been affirmed that a relationship between an artist and art material is based on play that provides certain environment for creating art work.

Keywords: philosophy, creative process, artist, art material, ingenuity, affectation temptation, art work, mastery, dialogue.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the relation between axiological, cultural, sociological and economic professional values. The author pays attention at certain contradictions in life sustaining potentials of this profession. Esthetic image of profession is associated with the acting skills. At a modern stage of development of human labor activity, there is a growing need in ‘playing’ this or that profession, i.e. creating the esthetic channel for professional skills. It strengthens economic and social status of professions.

Keywords: philosophy, praxiology, labor activity, society, master skills, profession, esthetic image, anthropological development of human, cultural contradictions, civilization development.

Abstract: The author of the article studies Soviet psychology from the point of view of sociology and culturology of psychological knowledge or implementation of historical approach to Soviet psychological concepts. The author shows that Soviet psychology was based on ideology and studied Soviet human in particular. Analytical reconstruction of cultural and historical grounds of psychological knowledge is performed mostly on the basis of research conducted at Moscow School of activity psychology. The main purpose of the article is to show an essential need in such an analysis.

Keywords: cultural studies, sociology, psychology, knowledge, psychotechnic, phenomenology, formation, experience, analysis, society.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the philosophical and theological interpretation of the fundamental Holy Trinity dogma. It is shown that philosophical methodology allows to expand the borders of knowledge and to raise accuracy. The latter allows to conduct analysis of sufficiency of sources and grounds of Orthodox Dogmatics. The author of the article also shows that the presence of the two sources at once, Holy Bible and Apostolic Holy Tradition creates contradictions for the main Holy Trinity Dogma. There should be the three sources of Dogmatics. Using the complementary principle, the author shows that the third source should include the Words said by Jesus Christ when alive. Such source can be the Sermon on the Mount or Gospel of Thomas.

Keywords: philosophy, theology, dogma, Holy Trinity, trinity, knowledge, methodology, grounds, sources, Sermon on the Mount, Gospel According to Thomas.

Abstract: 1930’s laid the foundation for international protection of cultural heritage — the one UNESCO based his activity on. The main feature of this period was an attempt of a complex solution of any issues in this sphere. The author of the article analyzes the main initiatives of International Council of Museums that took the form of conferences, charters, international legal acts as well as unrealized projects of international conventions in the sphere of cultural heritage protection. The author also traces back prerequisites for formation of the international system of memorial protection since XIX.

Keywords: cultural research, memorial, archeology, protection, restoration, thievery, war, landscape, norm, convention.

Abstract: As a method of research, comparative analysis is widely and efficiently used in all humanitarian and natural law sciences. Socio-cultural area studies is not an exception, either, because this method allows not only to definer regular patterns and particular features of a developing region but also to trace back how the same socio-cultural factors or processes are transformed under the influence of the regional specifics. The article also describes the targets of comparative studies in scientific research and inter-disciplinary grounds for socio-cultural area studies, defines the main principles and stages of comparative analysis in area studies and research. A good example of a comparative analysis method in socio-cultural area studies is the comparison of terms ‘homeland’ in Russian and English cultures of XVIII. This term takes the first place in any nation or mentality and it is one of the most important instruments of self-identification. Without reconstruction of the meaning, content and evolution of the term ‘homeland’ it would be impossible to describe the history of culture and mentality of any nation.

Keywords: cultural studies, area studies, socio-cultural area studies, socio-cultural research, research methods, interdisciplinary, comparative analysis, comparative studies, methodology, teaching.