Abstract: Life world is the central issue in phenomenology. By nature, it is noting else but clarification of the meaning of human life in its cohesiveness and variety. It was Husserl who created the issue around human life world that seemed to be an obvious and normal state of things. This is why philosophers did not study the practical angle of human existence before him.

Keywords: philosophy, lifeworld, phenomenology, meaning, cohesiveness, variety, world perception, life experience, deconsecration of philosophy, truth.

Abstract: The article contains the analysis of Vyacheslav Stepin’s views on culture. It is shown that the combination of these views constitutes an articulate, fundamental theory that makes a significant contribution to cultural studies. Vyacheslav Stepin’s works create a multidimensional, summative and coherent ‘picture of the culture’. Culture is viewed as the system of supra-biological activity programs, specific method of coding social information, system of social and spiritual programs. Particular attention is paid at Vyacheslav Stepin’s cultural universals understood as the main elements of the system. It is also underlined that tere is a certain organic interaction between philosophical and culturological categories. It is proved that Vyacheslav Stepin’s theory of culture has a significant meaning both for theory and researches.

Keywords: cultural research, culture, supra-biological program, human activity, information coding, cultural universals.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the review of the key polemic writings of Ancient and Medieval India concerning the subject and researches in this sphere in the West and Russia. The author provides a brief review of Indian polemics concerning the subject in different philosophical schools and prepares the synopsis of arguments and researches on this topic from Pali Canon to Medieval writings. Particular attention is paid at the history of studying the most important Buddhist treatise, Abhidharma-kośa by Vasubandhu (IV century), studied by a famous Russian researcher Fyodor Shcherbatsky as a part of his international research project. The author also makes the emphasis on one of the key polemic writings on the subject that hasn’t been translated from Sanskrit into Russian yet — Pudgala-viniscaya by Vasubandhu. The author of the article also considers the latest translations and publications on this issue in Indian philosophy and provides the review of the recent and most interesting foreign researches, conferences and approaches. The author concludes that this issue is poorly explored in Russia and there are no translations or researches of the main writings on this matter in our country.

Keywords: philosophy, self, non-self, subject, atman, anatta, consciousness, Vasubandhu, Abhidharmakośa, Indian.

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the main challenges and difficulties arising before researchers during discussion of the ontological status of time. The author provides a comparative description of the main approaches to the problem in Russian and foreign philosophies. It is shown that the method of solving this problem depends on the way of perceiving the reality chosen by a researcher. The author also studies arguments for objectivation of such time factors as its flow, three modes (past, present and future) and dependence on changes described in a number of works by Russian philosophers. The author defines the main tendencies in solving the problem about the status of time in foreign philosophy: denial of objectivity of time flow, interest for the ‘block time’ concept and denial of the fundamental nature of time. The author also analyzes philosophical arguments for the block time concept and studies arguments against denial the reality of time. The author also offers methodological principles aimed at proving the relevancy of using the metaphysical terms and concepts for solving the problem of status of time in philosophy of science. The author also describes the difficulties associated with the implementation of the programs creating out-of-time metaphysics suggested by H. Price as well as ways to overcome these difficulties.

Keywords: philosophy, time, eternity, temporality, metaphysics, science, reality, realism, anti-realism, ontology.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the philosophical contents of the messianic mythologema ‘Moscow is the Third Rome’ within the framework of the history of Russian social ideas. Analyzing metaphysics of the national mesianship, the author discovers the main vectors of how the idea of Moscow as the Third Rome influenced the formation and development of the scope of problems in Russian philosophy of history.

Keywords: philosophy, messianism, national identity, false nationalism, chosen nation, sovereignty, Russian Schism, philosophy of history, meaning of history, messiahship concept, national — universal, eschatology.

Abstract: The author of the article compares the terms ‘modernization’ and ‘social progress’ as a part of tendencies in a modern society. The author descries the historical dynamics of these terms and analyzes sociocultural and spiritual state of the modern Western and Russian societies. The author proves the assumption that there is a need in social progress is the cohesive development of different elements — social, research and technology, environmental, moral, spiritual and others.

Keywords: philosophy, modernization, progress, social Darwinism, neo-liberalism, freedom, simulacrum, gift, trust, tradition.

Abstract: The article studies political consciousness as a phenomenon and reveals its nature and close connection between political consciousness and political knowledge as well as provides the definition of political consciousness. The author proves the need in distinguishing political consciousness from conceptual consciousness and therefore associated ideologies. This contributes to understanding of the actual contents of political consciousness and overcoming misconceptions. The author also analyzes types of political knowledge as well as contradictions and gaps in classification of such knowledge.

Keywords: philosophy, politics, political existence, political perception, political knowledge, political consciousness, political knowledge, political science, conceptual consciousness, ideology.

Abstract: The article contains the thoughts on the rightness of implementing the law of the excluded middle in Pythagorean theory of incommensurable segments.

Keywords: philosophy, intuitionism, history, mathematics, Pythagorean, axiom, Gilbert, Brower, pseudoscience, Kantor.

Abstract: Cognitology (knowledge management) is the theory of information thinking without consciousness, images and psyche involved. Derived of reflection, such thinking turns into artificial intellect. It can be interpreted as the post-human world of the Other from the ontological point of view. The purpose of the philosophy of science is to form certain navigators in the spiritual elite environment that would help the processes of interactions between qualitative and cognitive forms of existence as well as transmission of such capabilities into a society. To survive in the high-tech world, we must cultivate the kind of consciousness which would be adequate from the geocentric and anthropological point of view.

Keywords: philosophy, knowledge engineering, consciousness, thinking, information, the other, navigator, trans-modernism, geocentricism, anthropology.

Abstract: The author raises a question about the grounds for considering this or that philosopher’s creation to be close to rationalism. The author suggests that in order to answer this question, we should follow the same gnoseolological and methodological values that fokrmed the basis of classical philosophical rationalism. Moreover, the author’s research is based on the opinion that the subject of cogitation is experience in a wide meaning of the word and this is why the empiric projection of cogitation makes an attempt to find the criteria for fulfilling these values. Based on that, the author forms the definition of experience and defines the basic values of rationalism and studies possible ways of relations between cogitation and experience from the point of view of logics and their contents. As a result of the study, the author makes certain assumptions about the relation between the structure of the thought and the structure of experience.

Keywords: philosophy, rational, rationality, experience, culture, fundamental, methodology, expression, empiric, reduction.

Abstract: There is very little written about Arthur Schopenhauer’s views on esthetics, even though many researchers did try to study that topic. It turned out to be not so easy to summarize the German philosopher’s thoughts on the sublime, beautiful, genius, interesting and other esthetical categories. The term ‘will’ has a very broad meaning in Schopenhauer’s works because he claimed that any kind of natural force must be viewed as the will. Basic natural forces, such as magnetism and heaviness make the lowest level of will objectivizatoin.

Keywords: philosophy, esthetics, power, human, metaphysics, art, beautiful, sublime, interesting, genius.

Abstract: From the mid XIX’s onwards European society has undergone significant social and cultural changes which, in their turn, significantly changed the modern human’s views on art. The author of the article studies the nature of a photographic image as a special way of perceiving the world around. The author analyzes different approaches to the phenomenon of photography. On the one hand, photography is a new attitude to the reality formed through human’s subjective judgments, and on the other, it is an opportunity to adjust and survive, to obtain and keep knowledge about the world. By performing different functions, photography has an opportunity to combine achievements in the spheres of both art and science and be an object or a subject depending on goals of photography.

Keywords: philosophy, photography, culture, society, art, image, documentary, artistic, need, information.