Abstract: History of philosophical anthropology, in fact, does not consider the problem of human as it has been formed in the philosophy of life. However, the above mentioned topic was somehow covered by this branch of philosophy. In particular, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Klages, Theodor Lessing and Leo Frobenius touched upon very important philosophical anthropology issues in their works. Their ideas are continued and developed now.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophical anthropology, life, spirit, mind, sociality, human, being, will, intuition.

Abstract: The article briefly describes the prehistory of metaphysics of nature and human existence. The author of the article analyzes the modern role of the above mentioned issue in general philosophy, religion and natural sciences. The author also provides grounds for the definition of metaphysics as the core of spiritual theoretical activity — the combination of creative eidoses research projects are based on. The author describes the seven binary metaphysical programs of the Ancient World which later determined the main branches of science.

Keywords: philosophy, metaphysics, existence, creative ideas, principles, Christianity, oppositions, binary, innovations, programs.

Abstract: Based on the summary of the models of managing living systems, the author analyzes the connection between the material and spiritual aspects in mechanisms of information exchange between the above mentioned essences. Based on the supposition that construction or analysis of an object starts with the determination of the goal, the author suggests his own concept of the system applied to the description of natural and man-made entities. The author also suggests to use the concept of functional reliability when describing humanitarian systems. Functional reliability means part of the entire reliability of the system characterizing the researcher’s self-assurance and commitment to achieving the goal the system has been constructed for. It is also assumed that the functional reliability of the system is the most general synthesis and analysis criterion. The author suggests his own model of description of information exchange between living entities. The model involves the sign, image and symbolic levels of interactions. Using this model, life can be viewed s a form of information exchange between material and non-material substances which defines their systems organization. It is shown interactions between material elements cause the response to information exchange between sign levels. A living entity can perceive information exchange as well as form and transfer information at the sign and image level and use information at the symbolic level according to his spiritual qualities and features. Human is the only one living creature who can form information exchange at the symbolic level according to his spiritual qualities and goals.

Keywords: philosophy, system, purpose, information, sign, image, symbol, function, reliability, life.

Abstract: The article describes peculiarities of the fundamental historical processes in Russia such as modernization, colonization and globalization. The Author underline that all these processes have a very complex structure — not only because they combine numerous elements, but also because they involve numerous differently directed vectors. In accordance with this presumption, the author analyze the entire symbiotic process of modernization/de-modernization, the process of de-colonization as a inevitable product of the type of colonization which has been dominating in Russia throughout centuries as well as contradictions of globalization process from the point of view of asynchrony of their economic and socio-cultural elements.

Keywords: philosophy, multi-vector nature, modernization, de-modernization, archaicism, colonization, de-colonization, globalization, government, government technologies.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the process of hanging axiological range of the society in Eastern Siberia at the turn of XIX-XX centuries. The author touches upon the issue of the break in succession of values between generations. According to the author, it started to change the cause and role of values in history researches and studies of the main influencing factors and diagnostics of values.

Keywords: philosophy, history, values, changes, diagnostics, succession, Eastern Siberia, XIX — XX centuries, generations.

Abstract: The article is devoted to a rarely studied issue about the relationship between science and modernization, science and society of Art Nouveau. It is shown that this relationship is not reversible which makes the problem even more difficult. The author also describes the role of both natural and humanitarian sciences in modernization and reveals the important role of axiological adjustment of innovation technologies, the latter being especially important for Russia.

Keywords: philosophy, modern age, science, socio-humanitarian, natural scientific, knowledge, mastery, everyday life, dialogue, modernization.

Abstract: This article is an attempt to analyze Nietzsche’s philosophy from the point of view of metaphysics. The author of the article analyzes the greatest attempt in XX century to mystify Nietzsche’s philosophy made by Martin Heidegger in his search for so called ‘metaphysics’. The article contains a comparative analysis of interpretations of Nietzsche’s philosophy made by famous psychiatrist and philosopher of XX century Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger. It is underlined that Jaspers and Heidegger had a very specific attitude to the main interpretations from the Nietzsche Archives proposed by Oswald Spengler and Ernst Junger. Rejecting existential and vulgar sociological interpretation of Nietzsche’s philosophy, Heidegger tries to view it as the final stage of a two-century development of metaphysics. Martin Heidegger tries to construct Nietzsche’s metaphysics similarly to Antique philosophies before Socrates. The author of the article also makes an attempt to describe authentic Nietzsche and his philosophy in which metaphysical categories are combined with mythological concepts. New anthropology cretes a myth about super-human and ‘great policy’ becomes Dionysus Epiphany.

Keywords: philosophy, life philosophy, metaphysics, ontology, existentialism, national socialism, positivism, energetics, will to power, super human.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the description and analysis of the structure of ‘The Conference of the Birds’ poem written by a Persian Sufism poet and philosopher Farid ud-Dun Attar living at the turn of XII-XIII centuries. This poem is one of the most famous Attar’s works and considered to be a brilliant example of a Sufism didactic poem. The Conference of the Birds is an allegoric description of Sufism conception of the knowledge of God which is based on the story of birds traveling to the palace of their king Simurgh. This allegoric description can be changed and translated to the language of philosophy. In this case the key problem of the poem would become the problem of truth (Haqiqa) and the general structure of the poem can be interpreted as a part of Sufism conception of the journey to the Truth.

Keywords: philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Farid ud-Dun Attar, poem ‘The Conference of the Birds’, journey to the Truth, knowledge of God, Sufism didactic poem, Medieval Persian poetry, Simurgh, seven valleys.

Abstract: Social technologies of psychotherapy are the result of a long process of theory formation as well as social and therapeutic practice involved in a particular culture and form of world perception. In existential psychotherapy such technologies help to revel the problem of universal human experience allowing to find ways to solve particular crisis situations. Concrete technologies of working with personality in existential psychotherapy connected with philosophical and psychological conceptualizations of such fundamental elements of human consciousness and psyche as the feeling, meaning, value and life define the relation between these technologies and particular existences or combinations of existences.

Keywords: philosophy, existential, psychotherapy, technology, existence, emotion, feeling, depression, science, experience.

Abstract: Philosophy of education which became an independent discipline in the second half of XX century was formed as result of interactions between numerous philosophies and systems of education as well as interactions between educational experience and reflection. In XXI century convergent type of cogitation came to the first place. That type of cogitation was based in diverse technologies, in particular information, convergent, social and bio-technologies. Convergent technologies establish a new strategy of civilization development and this is why require social and humanitarian interpretation. It is necessary to use fundamental traditions and ability to create universal knowledge in order to create the cognitive standard as one of the key directions of the global development of convergent technologies.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophy of education, convergent technologies, bio-engineering, bio-information sciences, bio-technologies, knowledge methodology, cognitive science, cognitive representations.

Abstract: The given article is devoted to the increasing role of constructivism in the process of transfer from the information society to the knowledge society. The author analyzes the term ‘knowledge society’ based on publications by different philosophers and defines the main difference between the information society and the knowledge society to be the usage of non-scientific knowledge. In a new society the border between science, society and social culture are erased. Based on the analysis of the main views of certain famous philosophers on the process of education the author makes the suggestion that the purpose of education is now becoming the formation of human as he is. This means we have to refuse from using formal information and start to use ‘living knowledge’. The author makes a conclusion that being one of the forms of knowledge organization, construction also means the ability to build a new order which would answer a person’s goal. Thus, in knowledge society the term ‘knowledge’ is understood as the encompassing by the reality which is continuously turning into the construct of scientific and cognitive activity.

Keywords: philosophy, knowledge, society, information, entity, reality, education, science, constructivism.

Abstract: The article studies the theoretical and methodological grounds for ontological approach to faith. It is shown how history of philosophy formed the attitude to faith as the characteristics of human existence. It is proved that faith should not be viewed only as the phenomenon of religion or knowledge theory because it is closely connected to the process of personal growth. The present article will be of interest not only to philosophers but also to all those who are interested in topical issues of human life and existence.

Keywords: philosophy, faith, truth, value, system, personality, ontology, existence, methodology.

Abstract: This is the script of the interview with Vladislav Lektorsky taken by Pavel Gurevich. In his interview Lektorsky talks about his researches, crisis in the theory of knowledge and different epochs in philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, anniversary, theory of knowledge, Vladilsav Lekstorsky.

Abstract: The given article analyzes pluses and minuses of the utilitarian ethics as the grounds for moral criteria of the decision making process which touches the interests of future generations. The author shows that utilitarianism does not have any difficulties with involvement of future generations into the moral community and this is the advantage compared to moral conceptions based on agreement. However, it also requires the discounting of future benefits and costs which in its turn demands special ethical grounds. The author shows the conditional and situation nature of all arguments for the benefit of discounting and makes a conclusion that utilitarian approach cannot be the only one officially recognized methodology of ethics of the future. Utilitarian methods of decision making process including the analysis of benefits and costs play an important role in social and ethical researches dedicated to the problem of protection of interests of future generations but they must be combined with other ways and methods of discovering of the public good from the point of view of generation relations.

Keywords: philosophy, morals, ethics, economics, utilitarianism, justice, future, discounting, resources, eco systems.

Abstract: The author develops the conceptual grounds for the processes of cultural dynamics: expansion and contraction of the cultural field. The article contains a comparative analysis of the terms ‘new archaic nature’ and ‘post-modern’. The author also studies regular patterns of the existence of the system of culture from the point of view of synergetic and non-linear approach. Expansion and contraction cycles change one another. When the system of culture is contracted, the phenomenon of archaicism appears. Expansion of the system causes another phenomenon — post-modern. The author develops the system of influence of the contraction process on formation of delusive consciousness. The author also presents the conceptual model of philosophical reflection of delusive consciousness.

Keywords: philosophy, post-modernism, post-modern, archaic nature, culture, dynamics, objectivity, hierarchy, dissipation, change.

Abstract: Turgot has ended the social and economic program of bourgeois innovations developing under conditions overripen feudalism of bourgeois concepts. Innovators acted within the framework of French Enlightenment. They prepared ideological revolution back in 1789. Turgot raised the economic theory up to the highest level, anticipating Adam Smith in some teachings — for instance, in his approach to origins of labor theory of price, relationship and turnover of national capitals in agriculture, trade, and et. As the minister of finances, Turgot implemented market measures of freedom of entrepreneurship activity overcoming opposition of the old philosophy adepts. His polemics with Louis the King about the administrative reform outlined distribution of forces during pre-revolutionary period. However, after Turgot lost his position, reactionists tried to eliminate all his work and reform. But then revolutionists of the 1789 adopted Turgot’s ideas and put them into life. Marx described Turgot as a great person both as an administrative figure and founder of social and economic theory. Even in modern Russia Turgot achievements help us to understand complicated processes of market economics.

Keywords: philosophy, Louis the 16th, capital, farmer, merchant, gobmeen man, banker, Luther, Dante, labor.

Abstract: The article contains the summary of the XII International Likhachev Readings held on May 17-18 2012 in St. Petersburg University of Professional Unions. The Readings were devoted to the transformation processes in all spheres of culture as well as various aspects of globalization. The author of the article pays much attention to the critics of the multi culturalism conception, the problem of world unity and cultural diversity, combination of economics and culture, anthropological crisis of the consumer society and integration processes. The main idea uniting all these topics is the concept of cultural dialogue as the grounds for harmonic and efficient interaction of cultures at a modern stage.

Keywords: philosophy, globalization, dialogue of cultures, multi culturalism, personality, cultural integration, civilization, humanitarian education, human transformation.