Abstract: Human is not like a machine with a number of features and functions. In his being human shows certain existential contradictions. Human is born in the natural world but he lives in a society. Human has both instincts and consciousness. He is an animal and at the same time he is not. Having descended from Adam, he is a natural creature but he has a divine beginning at the same time. As Erich Fromm said, human is nearly the most eccentric creature in the Universe.

Keywords: philosophy, human, identity, experimentalism, technical equipment, evolution, genetics, social practice, cosmism, noosphere.

Abstract: The article describes the role and the meaning of concepts of the general, particular and singular in categorical structuring of a number of post-modernism philosophies. In particular, the author defines the concepts of the general, particular and singular in Michel Foucault’s ontology of philosophical discourse, Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction methods and Gilles Deleuze’s philosophical concepts, Jean Baudrillard’s teaching about simulacrum, Paul Ricceur’s discourses of philosophical synthesis and others. The author shows the categorical relevance of the aforesaid concepts with the main structural components of the picture of the world.

Keywords: philosophy, the general, the particular, the singular, picture of the world, discourse, epistema, deconstruction method, rhizome, simulacrum, concept, philosophical synthesis.

Abstract: The article describes the situation in modern discursive communication. This situation is characterized with localization of communication unities and audiences and principal misunderstanding. The author of this particular article discusses the conditions of communication (including reflection of the cogitation methods, their demonstration and the author’s sharing about the main stages of his life) which lead to misunderstanding. Based on the example of fashion and realization of social norms with the opposite contents the author analyzes types of social standardization typical for modern culture. Analysis of the fashion shows that fashion is one of the modern standardization systems. It dictates certain aspects of human behavior, moreover, in fashion standards are often changed and refreshed. In modern fashion standards are defined in the process of activities of social actors sending all kinds of messages to the public environment. This is the first condition. The second condition is to create a proper social environment and readiness. The third condition is the self-organization of the environment in response to such messages. The author also says that it is necessary to distinguish such strategies of social standardization as the ‘life in two rooms’, ‘compromise’, ‘synthesis’, ‘Potemkin’s village’. In conclusion, the author says that the aforesaid characteristics of social standardization can be used to solve the problem of understanding in modern discursive communications.

Keywords: philosophy, communication practice, truth, interpretation, reality, understanding, norms, sociality, actor.

Abstract: The first part of the article describes the grounds for viewing theology as a science. The author shows the axiological (instead of cognitive) quality of theology. Based on the analysis of interaction between feelings and cogitation, the author shows how diverse theology as a discipline, although it is admitted that the axiological elements prevail. Religious studies are analyzed in the same way and the author shows their cognitive and scientific (but not axiological) meaning, diversity and the prevailing tendency as a discipline. The second part of the article shows the possibility to disguise theology as science as well as opportunities of phenomenology and its advantages over post-positivism in such disguise. The author also describes the non-theology phenomenology in Edmund Husserl’s religious studies based on the analysis of the difference between axiological and cognitive meanings.

Keywords: philosophy, phenomenology, demarcation, theology, disguise, pseudoscience, religious studies, value, knowledge, science.

Abstract: The article contains the cultural philosophical analysis of the embodiment category. The author suggests her own definition of the ‘culture of embodiment’ and shares her views on the problem of embodiment from the point of view of cultural time approach. Culture of embodiment is also viewed with reference to a healthy life style.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, body, embodiment, healthy life style, cultural time approach, health, ideal, fashion, etalon.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the formation and development of Chinese studies in Germany which have a relatively short history compared to other sinology schools there. Despite a great contribution of German researchers to the world science, there are a very limited number of works translated into Russia today. As a result, Russian scientists know very little about achievements of their German colleagues. The author of the article analyzes the scientific heritage of a German school of sinology, describes its trends, lists the most significant researchers and analyzes their works.

Keywords: cultural studies, sinology, Chinese studies, Oriental studies, China, Germany, culture, history, historiography, sinology.

Abstract: The author of the article tries to view philosophical and anthropological terms ‘transformation’ and ‘mask’ introduced by Elias Canetti from the point of view of existential phenomenological concept of diversified ‘Self’ (D. G. Trunov). Transfer from transformation to mask making is understood as a discursive fixation of diversity and spontaneity of the productive ‘Self’ and resulting polypersonality of empiric ‘Self’. Fixation of transformations of the productive Self to numerous mask roles of the empiric Self is realized through mandatory presence of the Other which in this case becomes the controller over transformations and the donor of social definitions that are viewed as some kind of ‘fixers’ in transformation process and the basis for creating a social mask. At the same time, mask making is not the dictate of the Other over personality freedom but an essential condition of social co-existence.

Keywords: philosophy, transformation, mask, productive Self, empiric Self, polypersonality, diversified Self, mask making, discourse, fixation.

Abstract: The article is devoted to metaphysical, anthropological and existential aspects of Nikolay Berdyaev’s eschatology. The author of the article also describes psychological prerequisites for existential issues turning into a philosopher’s eschatological metaphysics. It is shown that it allows to reveal the fundamental issues of Berdyaev’s philosophy: the topics of pre-existence existential freedom, its objectivization into being and the problems of human coming back to this freedom. It is proved for a philosopher eschatology is some kind of a symbol of transcendence of human personality towards existential. The author also describes the eschatological horizon of borderline situations human is faced with such as when he faces death, experiences historical events or a mystical insight or creative act.

Keywords: philosophy, existentialism, metaphysics, eschatology, experience, transcendence, objectivization, freedom, creativity, eternity.

Abstract: The author of the article studies the leading concepts in S. Frankl’s teaching about a soul: spiritual life, soul, consciousness and subconsciousness. The author makes an attempt to describe certain features of the aforesaid terms and describe the relation between them. The author compares Frankl’s definitions with some modern psychological terms.

Keywords: philosophy, soul, psychology, Frankl, consciousness, subconsciousness, spiritual lie, desire, will, psyche.

Abstract: The article provides arguments for B. Kaplan’s and T. Nagel’s critical remarks about John Searle’s solution of the mind-body problem. Searle explained the cause of the mental based on the emergence conception. From such point of viwe, subjectivity of the reality is transformed into a biologial or physical property so the mind becomes a mental and, consequently, a physical property of the brain similar to the liquid state being the property of the molecular system. As opposed to Searle’s thesis saying that the mind is the product of the brain activity and its property at the same time, the author of this particular article analyzes arguments against such concept both in science and philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, mind, John Searle, causality, feature, description level, dualism, psyche, physical.

Abstract: Trying to draw the line between art(play) and life, we faced the fundamental problem of Self. Relations between human and the world of art or play have very important similiarities because they perform the double-combined motion — eschatological emergence and contemplative return to one’s self. The result of this double-combined motion can be compared to the result of transcendental function described by Jung as the unity of consciousness and unconsciousness aimed at gaining one’s selfhood. The study of the dynamic structure of a soul allows to use psychological analytics of late Jung’s works and Gadamer’s phenomenology of art which have similar features and represent typological properties of varius internal experience. When analyzing mobile relations between consciousness and unconsciousness, the author of the article used such philosophical terms as acceptance, amechany, automatic spontaneous reactions, reponses and actions of human nature. The article also reflects the author’s emotional experience and self-observation which allowed to discover acceptance, amechany and spontaneity.

Keywords: philosophy, unconsciousness, consciousness, self, Black Swan, movie, D. Arofonsky, Vladimir Bibikhin, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Carl Gustav Jung.

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes one of rarely studied problems in philosophy — time perception — from the point of view of evolutional epistemiology and cognitive science. Analysis shows great diversity of the world and unlimited variety of time forms and reveals the contents of such phenomenonon of human life activity as creativity. Based on the most recent researches and experimental findings of modern cognitive scientists, the author of the article shows the close connection between creativity and time perception as well as special states of consciousness arising in the process of creative self-realization of human. In particular, from the point of view of evolutional epistemiology and cognitive science, the author of the article defines creativity as some kind of innovative difficulty created by human through perceiving events of the surrounding world and various cognitive states of consciousness in the course of solving a task or problem within a very short period of time.

Keywords: philosophy, time, creative work, tempoworld, perception, autism, temporality, creativity, synergism.

Abstract: The author of the present article makes an attemp to show the relation between personal knowledge and self-knowledge and to give an epistemiological definition of self-consciousness and self-knowledge. For this purpose the author studies constructivist and narrative approaches to self-knowledge. The author clearly shows that there is a certain need in additional development of these approaches and completing them with the phenomenological analysis of personal experience, the latter being the basis of personal knowledge and self-consciousness. With the help of the system approach and based on the concept of situational knowledge the author describes the system, contextual and dynamic orientation of personal experience. Concepts of personal experience and personal knowledge, in their turn, expand the concept of self-conciousness which should not be limited to reflection. However, such approach creates the problem of introspection. Based on data obtained with the help of modern cognitive science and evolutional epistemiology the author analyzes various forms and levels of consciousness. The author studies the problem of relation between consciousness and knowledge of the surrounding world from the point of view of the system of personal knowledge.

Keywords: philosophy, personal knowledge, personal experience, self-knowledge, Self, reflection, phenomenology, system approach, introspection, perceptive self-consciousness.

Abstract: The present article is focused on some ideas of Gilles Deleuze and Pierre-Felix Guattari described in their last publications they wrote together. These are the works particularly describing Deleuze’s and Guattari’s philosophy (as some researchers say, Deleuze is one of the most ‘metaphysical’ post-modernisists.

Keywords: philosophy, post-modernism, culture, cogitation, transcendence, human, vitality, humanlike, art, multiplicity.

Abstract: The author of the article views works of visual art as an image that is crystallized step-by-step in the process of relations between a human-observer and work-item. The author describes and analyzes the material, index, iconic and symbolic stages in creating an image. It is assumed that all diversity of special imagse is nothing else but a single work of visual art created out of human need to draw out the rligious connection between the ephemeral and immortal, between the human and the absolute.

Keywords: philosophy, work of visual art, artist, work — item, image, status, representant, visual concept, audience, religious connection.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the world outlook sources and socio-cultural prerequisites for formation of principles of duty and social responsibility in Japanese labor and corporate ethics. The author of the article analyzes historical realities and memories in philosophy and ethics during Tokugawa epoch (1603 -1868) due to the aforesaid problems. Japanese labor and corporate ethics has roots in XVII-IX centuries and is thought to be one of the causes of such successful modernization of Japan, the phenomenon of ‘economic miracle’ after the Second World War and stable and intensive development of the country throughout years as well as the spiritual element of modern Japanese discourse of corporate social responsibility.

Keywords: philosophy, ethics, culture, archetype, labor, lesson, duty, responsibility, ie, Japan.