Abstract: The article considers the basic methodological principles of philosophical anthropology, in particular, conception of knowledge and its types and interpretation of the essence and origins of human.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophical anthropology, knowledge, cognition, methodology, principles, human

Abstract: The article proves the idea of conscience not existing without a body. When losing connection with the body, the conscience loses its essence and the basic ‘me-and-the world’ relation disappears. Artifi cial intellect (or ‘digital prosthesis’ of conscience) only imitates the mentioned above relation because it is not conditioned by any vital or adaptive necessity. This is why improvement of artifi cial intellect must unavoidably lead to acquiring ‘corporeity’ in its anthropological meaning. It will allow the artifi cial intellect to autonomously exist in an environment.

Keywords: philosophy, epistemology, phenomenology, conscience, cognition, corporeity, intellect, perception, subject, autopoiesis

Abstract: This article deals with the principles of formation of the scientifi c picture of the world in David Hume’s philosophy and modern epistemology. The author of the article analyzes the Scottish philosopher’s cognitive theory from the ‘subjectand- object-relationship’ point of view and fi nds out that the theory comes down to acceptance of an eliminated subject in the absence of objective trueness of the knowledge received. The author of the article expands and proves the idea that in a modern epistemology it is possible to form the scientifi c picture of the world only from the point of view of the unity of the subjective and objective. It is also shown that such categories as ‘subject’ and ‘object’ form the system which elements have meaning only when they are dependent on one another or on the system in general. At the end of the article the author concludes that, despite obvious limitations and diversity of David Hume’s conception of perception of the scientifi c picture of the world, it surely contributed to development of epistemology and formation of the modern stage of scientifi c cognitive activity.

Keywords: philosophy, subject, object, impressions, ideas, perception, mind, causality, consistency, cognition

Abstract: The article studies a religious approach to the problem of the meaning of the universal existence and human earthly life. This approach insists on the spiritual basis of the Universe, uniqueness and absolute value of life, heavenly origin of life and divine destiny of a human. The meaning of human life is mainly connected with the answer to the question about the origin of the world, with the problem of the arche and understanding of the basic principles of the Universe and hierarchy of the visible world. For Russian philosophers creationism became the basis of understanding the Universe. Creationism opposed to evolutionism, in other words, it suggested the transcendental instead of the immanent principle (approach) to understanding of the Universe. This and other scenarios of how the Universe and Human were born contain (or do not contain) the purpose, meaning of the Universe and earthly life of Human.

Keywords: philosophy, Russian religious philosophy, life, death, cosmology, evolutionism, creationism, meaning of life, ontology, anthropology

Abstract: The article gives a theoretical proof of life after physical death. For this purpose the author forms a definition that this system is alive only if it records the three specific algorithms enabling its self-recovery. One of these algorithms allows the system to consume the energy needed for it to perform. According to the hypothesis of the article, every human has an invisible biofield twin besides his own physical body. The author describes incidents when people lived for decades without any food because they were receiving energy directly from the Universe; these incidents were many times confirmed both by medicine and church. Being a live system, a biofield twin can receive energy directly from the Universe after death of a physical body, too. Since it is made up of a more delicate matter than a physical body, such a twin can live almost forever. As an example the author quotes some categorical propositions of famous Bulgarian clairvoyants Vanga and Slava Sevryukova about life after death. It is also explained how biofield formations of various types of paradise and hell are formed depending on the level of morals of the deceased person and cultural and technical level of development of a corresponding epoch in history. Biofield twins of deceased people are naturally attracted to these formations.

Keywords: philosophy, personality, twin, material, self-recovery, life, memory, unconscious, paradise, hell

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of symbol in Pavel Florensky’s philosophy. Usually a symbol means an arbitrary sign, a result of a contract or an allegory; a symbol is what imprints an image or resemblance of the superior realities and what points out at them or expresses them; a symbol is also an intermediate between the stimulus and reaction prohibiting against automatism of nature. Florensky suggested his own formula of a symbol: according to him, symbol is what it symbolizes.

Keywords: philosophy, symbol, sign, Florensky, anthropology, human, Medea, cult, symbolism, antinomy

Abstract: The article examines the relationship of information and culture, with special attention paid to the information aspect of culture as information process, which characterizes the degree of social evolution. It is noted that the concept of civilization “leans” to the material and the real, economic and technical-technological treatment, at the same time presenting a coherent social stage of evolution, the concept of culture - its spiritual and informational component, expressing the deep essence of civilization process. We discuss the information criterion of evolution in nature, society, and its application to evolutionary processes in culture. The author also dwells on the problem of fi nding pieces of cultural information, in particular memes, and give an opinion on these studies.

Keywords: philosophy, civilization, information, information criterion of development, the information approach, culture, meme, diversity, evolution

Abstract: Topical issue about multicultural space is part of a general problem about vital differences of cultures. This article considers basic types of cross-cultural communication interactions. In their turn, these types allow to defi ne peculiarities of the eastern and western psychomental models.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, communication, language, cogitation, space, time, mentality, behavior

Abstract: The key element of the article is the study of peculiarities of expansion of Islam or ‘Islamisation’ in Dagestan because this process refl ects the main tendencies and essence of formation a Muslim belief typical for that region. Special attention is also paid at pre-Islamic religious views of Dagestan peoples including the period of paganism and the stage of Christianization of the region because there traditional Islam synthesized numerous perceptions, images and cult elements of previous religions and is still closely related to them.

Keywords: philosophy, religion, Christianity, Islam, Dagestan, polytheism, conscience, islamisation, Sufi sm, confessions

Abstract: This is the reference by an American cultural critic Steven Shaviro on Kojin Karatani’s book ‘Transcriticism: On Kant and Marx’ – ‘the most important and useful book in philosophy’, as Steven Shaviro calls it, viewing Marx and Kant in one meaning perspective.

Keywords: philosophy, Kant, Marx, Marxism, capital, exploitation, neoclassicism