Abstract: The column is devoted to the ‘aggressive’ ignorance which made people burn books, create the ‘black’ list of ‘harmful’ books and… discuss a Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita from the point of view of extremism.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, extremism, religion, Russia, India, Bhagavad Gita, Hindu.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of definition of such concepts as ‘spirituality’ and ‘morals’ and their place in human’s path to his own nature. Many philosophers believe that morals have something to do with the will, virtue, commitment to work and happiness. Only if you conquer yourself for the sake of our close and distant people, you shall become spiritual and liked by God. Spirituality is closely connected with our attitude to others and it is all about mercy. Morals are formed as some kind of habitual behavior under the influence of our cultural and social environment in our childhood.

Keywords: philosophy, mind, freedom, happiness, habit, self-sacrifice, conscious, multiple personality disorder, workmanship, labor nature of morals.

Abstract: According to the author of the article, until 2565 neotenics will take turns with the accelerators but then rigid neotenics will reign.

Keywords: philosophy, acceleration, demographic and technological dependence, cultural revolution, matrix of the superstring, time machine, neoteny, causality, theory of everything, technological revolution, universal program.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the subjective side of socio-cultural perception of space in philosophical legal conceptions. It is viewed as a perception complex and the process of the subject’s inner emotions regulating his activity. The subject’s readiness to perceive space from the socio-cultural point of view is explained by the fact that there are mythological, religious, scientific and philosophical conceptions of space in a human mind.

Keywords: philosophy, subject, perception, space, interest, right, emotions, motives, situation, consciousness.

Abstract: The author views the relevance of the new naturalism project for human researches, society and culture. Looking at human as an intricately organized biological species provides us an opportunity to create the synthesis of natural and socio-humanitarian disciplines.

Keywords: human, phenomenology, cartesianism, thesis about human exceptional nature, consciousness, world perception.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the usage of metaphors in philosophical texts. It is shown that apart from cognitive function, metaphor also has the modeling function: it does not only form the perception, but also indicates the manner and type of thinking. Special role is given to the basic metaphors which make a comparison between different systems of concepts and frame the subject of the discourse. Such metaphors include sex/gender metaphors. Ever since the Ancient world sex description have been used by the philosophers to describe and understand the reality. The idea that the ‘rational’ beginning was somehow connected with the masculinity was introduced by the ‘founding fathers’ long ago. If we include the male and female in the system of world perception as ontological formations, it will completely change the primary natural and biological meaning of gender. The ‘gender’ metaphor is viewed as one of the bases for a traditional Western type of rationality and as a factor which forms the culture.

Keywords: philosophy, archetype, gender, culture, metaphor, cogitation, sex, rationality, symbol, human.

Abstract: The article is devoted to creating theoretical, methodological and semantic grounds of risk as a concept of modern social theory and a phenomenon of social practice. The author draws our attention at the fact that rapid expansion of risk and its invasion into many spheres of human existence surely make us anxious. Many factors depend on that: how well human use his abilities; whether he will be able to subdue his mind and needs to the existing social situation and how well he will be able to align his actions with the reality. The author’s interpretation of the phenomenon of risk is based on the idea that risk is nothing else but activity aimed at overcoming uncertainty in a situation of unavoidable choice.

Keywords: philosophy, phenomenon of risk, social reality, social marcorisks, activity, danger, threat, situation of choice, existential risk, socio-cultural crisis.

Abstract: Modern society places a priority on social communicative processes and relations. This is where the ‘key points’ of the globally expanding world being defined. In such process social communications have got the two directions at the same time: inside their own social system and ‘outside’ of it. By the means of communications the local societies reveal and accept conditions and parameters of their own link to the norms and requirements of the international level. Such duality of social communications is an essential condition of preservation of cultures and social structures f the local worlds despite the growing tendency of convergence and interaction between countries and peoples. The author of this article describes some forms of social communications which reflect the social norms. These forms of communications include: game, crosscultural communications and social partnership.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, social communications, game, crosscultural communications, text, message, cultural code, partnership, society.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of Russian people’s everyday life during the last third of the 17th century as a part of the historical process of changing human consciousness. The author of the article also discusses how a new form of social and everyday life was formed when Russia adopted elements of Western European culture. The article descries the bright moments of everyday life and holidays of the Russian people as well as interest of foreigners who arrived at and lived in Russia during the last third of the 17th century. The article is based on historical, cultural and culturological approaches.

Keywords: cultural studies, Russia, society, holiday, everyday culture, foreigners, urban mentality, feudalism, clothes, power.

Abstract: John Adams (1735-1826) is a notable figure of the War of Independence, the second president of the USA and one of the major politicians during the epoch of Enlightenment. His way to philosophical, religious and moral becoming was difficult and full of events. Adam’s early interpretations of God and Bible, human and nature, devotion and virtue cast light on his mature political and philosophical views. When he started to defend colonists’ rights in 1765, Adams proved his principles which he had formed when graduating from Harvard. Going long way from new English pietism to philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment, John Adams did not only play an important role in determination of nature and peculiarities of the revolution but also became its embodiment and personification.

Keywords: philosophy, Adams, Puritanism, deism, Enlightenment, rationalism, freethinking, humanism, civil, responsibility.

Abstract: The author of this article discusses the problem of classification of modern Russian society. The article contains the author’s summary and conclusions. Based on the author, modern Russian society is a special type of ‘mixed’ society in crises.

Keywords: philosophy, society, typology, right, types, reforms, Russia, capitalism, socialism, democracy.

Abstract: In order to understand such socio-cultural problems of modern age as globalization, identity crisis, postmodernization, hybridization and others, it is necessary to clarify the logic of formation and development of Modern and Post-Modern values. In order to do it, the of the article discusses the basic approaches to definitions of ‘Modern’ and ‘Post-Modern’ in the theory of philosophy as well as their reflection in the real life.

Keywords: cultural studies, culture, society, modernization, post-modernism, identity, enlightenment, problem, postcolonialism, de colonization.