Abstract: The subject of the research is a set of theoretical provisions and questions concerning lexical and semantic features of metaphors in Russian and Chinese food culture on the example of the word "bread". The object of the study is metaphor in Russian and Chinese food culture on the example of the word "bread". The aim of the work is to identify differences in metaphorical cognition between the Russian and Chinese languages by comparing vocabulary and phraseological units associated with the word "bread" and searching for equivalent words in Chinese. Research methods – the method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning. Results: it is proved that the word "bread" is used figuratively more widely in Russian than in Chinese. In the Russian language there are phraseological units containing the word "bread", which are not in the Chinese language. In Chinese, there is a similar metaphorical expression with the meaning of "food", they only partially overlap in meaning. All these observations are closely related to the cultural, geographical and economic differences between the two languages. Scope of application: the results obtained can be used for further research. The main conclusions of the study are: 1) food is an important carrier of different cultures; 2) the use of comparative analysis of the metaphorical content of the same vocabulary and phraseological units reveals that different cultures and peoples, under the influence of geographical and economic factors, associate the same words with different connotations; 3) deepening the understanding of the metaphor "food" in different languages and the study of cultural peculiarities helps to overcome barriers in communication between different countries. The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is a comprehensive approach to identifying differences in metaphorical cognition between the Russian and Chinese languages by comparing vocabulary and phraseological units associated with the word "bread" and searching for equivalent words in Chinese.

Keywords: features, food, Russian Language, meaning, word, Chinese Language, Phraseological unites, Metaphor, Culture, Gastronomy

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to identify the semantic potential of the concept "faith", to show its role in the disclosure of the ideological and philosophical layer of the story, in the system of characters. The subject of the research is the analysis of the functions of the concept "faith" and the ways of its actualization in the first major work of M. Gorky's novella "Thomas Gordeev". The main form of realization of the concept is the monologues of the heroes addressed to the main character in order to inspire their own idea of faith, as well as in his internal monologues and dialogues with opponents.The prospects for the study of the concept of "faith" are connected with the analysis of its functions in other genre forms created by the writer, which allows us to trace the evolution of the artist's worldview. The scientific novelty lies in the proof of the position that the concept of "faith" in the plot of the story expands the peripheral spectrum of meanings revealed in the process of educational monologues of characters addressed to the main character, his internal monologues and dialogues with opponents. The expansion of the peripheral zone of the concept occurs in its speech representation: the use of the concept under consideration by the actors allows us to judge the character of the hero, the moral atmosphere of the era.The result of the study showed that the use of typological, historical and functional methods, conceptual analysis allowed us to determine the associative space of actualization of semantic units characterizing the concept of "faith". The results obtained can be used in the course "History of Russian literature of the XX century", in special courses on Gorky's work.

Keywords: the associative background, the dialogue, the monologue, the periphery of the concept, the connotation, the system of characters, the concept of the faith, the structure of the narrative, Foma Gordeev, Gorky

Abstract: The object of this study is the lexemes vozrast and vozrastnoy; the subject of the study is the euphemistic uses of these lexemes and their semantic derivation in modern Russian and in media discourse. The author examines the definitions of lexemes in the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, analyzing their semantic structure. The use of these lexemes in modern journalistic discourse as euphemisms is analyzed on the basis of the National Corpus of the Russian language. The corpus study confirms a significant number of euphemistic names of age in modern Russian, as well as the assumption that in modern journalistic discourse the lexeme vozrast can be used in the meaning of ‘old age’, and vozrastnoy – in the meaning of ‘elderly’. The research was conducted using general scientific methods of component and contextual analysis, corpus research, functional-semantic method, elements of quantitative method, etc. The scientific novelty of the study consists in identifying the features of the functioning of the lexemes vozrast and vozrastnoy, acting as euphemisms, in modern Russian speech (based on the material of media discourse), namely, in the high use of euphemistic uses. Contexts with such uses usually report that the psychological age does not coincide with the physical one, about the desire of people to look younger than their years (more often about women), to hide their real (physical) age, about worries about the past youth. The euphemization reflects the cultural notion of old age as an abnormal age. It is concluded that the euphemistic meanings of the lexemes vozrast and vozrastnoy have become entrenched in the language, have become widely used and stylistically neutral. Thanks to the euphemistic meaning, the lexemes have expanded their use.

Keywords: semantic derivation, psychological age, age, euphemisms, media discourse, modern Russian language, semantic neologisms, age range, youth, old age

Abstract: The purpose of the work is to describe the semantics of words nominating parts of the landscape in hagiographic texts that existed in Ancient Russia. The object of the study is words with spatial semantics denoting objects of nature. The subject of the study is the semantics of these lexical units. The material chosen for the analysis is the hagiographic texts included in the Assumption collection. To systematize the material, a classification of landscape vocabulary by semantic groups is proposed. The theoretical part of the work is an analysis of the already available methods of thematic ideography of landscape vocabulary, on the basis of which a classification of landscape vocabulary for the considered language material is proposed. The practical part of the article is devoted to the description of the meanings of words that represent a group of landscape vocabulary. Attention is drawn to the meaning of the word, the frequency of its use, and the connection with the event semantics of texts. The lexical material was obtained by the continuous sampling method. Lexicographic, contextual, and quantitative analyses were used to identify semantics. The article describes the words with their basic meanings that characterize the landscape in the lives of the Assumption collection: elevations: mountain, hill; flat spaces – coincide with open spaces; depressions: deep, ditch, pit, cave (pechera); overgrown areas: boron, lѣs, squabble; open areas: field, deserts; water spaces and land areas next to it: source, rѣka, sea, mouth, brѣg, island. It is noted that the group of landscape vocabulary is few and infrequent in use. The author comes to the conclusion that the semantics of landscape naming in the considered hagiographies includes elements of various linguistic Slavic systems. It is emphasized that the formation of metaphorical meanings in landscape vocabulary occurs under the influence of biblical contexts. The novelty of the research lies in the chosen source of linguistic facts: the hagiographic texts of the Assumption Collection did not become the subject of systematic lexical and semantic analysis. It can also be noted that the analysis of spatial vocabulary based on the material of texts that existed in Ancient Russia was not carried out. The work can be useful in studies of the category of locativity in the Old Russian language, as well as in the study of images of space in Slavic hagiographic texts.

Keywords: locativity, locus naming conventions, space, thesaurus, ideography, landscape vocabulary, semantics, The Assumption Collection, lives, nominations of natural objects

Abstract: The subject of the study – the concept «Fate–Promysel» and its lexical-semantic field in diachrony. The relevance is due to the key position of the idea of fate in Russian culture, the frequency of use of verbalizers of the concept. The concept is analyzed from the point of view of its lexical and semantic representation in different eras: the period of the spread of Old Church Slavonic writing – modern times. The purpose of the article is to determine the original semantic parts of the main verbalizers of the concept, study their constancy and changeability in diachrony. The methods of semantic analysis and of semantic experiment were used. Conclusions: 1) the main semantic parts of the concept in the Old Church Slavonic / Church Slavonic languages are designated as primordial, 2) changes in verbalizers and their meanings are traced: the predominance of verbalizers with the semes «random», «share», «fate» in the 19th century, the disappearance of the verbalizer «providence» and the rarity of fixation in the semantic field of dictionary definitions of the meaning «care of God about man» in the 20th century, 3) the semantic experiment made it possible to determine that the verbalizer «fate» is fixed by the participants mainly in the meaning of «destiny», while the idea of the randomness of events, their independence from the will of a person is inferior among modern native speakers to the understanding of fate as a set of cause-and-effect relationships, personal choices and influence of external circumstances that can be predicted and influenced by humans. There is a significant semantic shift in the lexical-semantic field of the concept «Fate–Promysel» from the main seme «Divine care for man» to the seme «coincidence of circumstances» (controlled or not by a person).

Keywords: diachrony, verbalization, semantic, promysel, lexical and semantic field of the concept, fate, Russian language, linguistic picture of the world, ethical concept, concept

Abstract: The subject of the study is the semantic and functional features of the lexico-semantic group of verbs denoting interpersonal relations in the Russian and Chinese languages. The verbal vocabulary representing the category of relationship describes the relationships that arise between people in the form of feelings, judgments and appeals to each other in the course of everyday life. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify the semantic and functional features of the verbs of the lexico-semantic group of interpersonal relations in the system of Russian and Chinese languages. The study revealed similarities and differences in the meaning of these verbs. As the analysis showed, some Chinese verbs do not match the meaning of the verbs of the Russian language. This article also examines the types of semantic changes in the semantic structure of the verbal word form functioning in the context. The main method of studying this group of verbs in Russian and Chinese is the comparative method. The descriptive method and the functional-semantic method, as well as the method of component analysis, were used in the selection and use of linguistic material. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the verbs of interpersonal relations are still insufficiently studied on the materials of the Russian and Chinese languages. The results of the research can be used in the practice of teaching university courses in such disciplines as cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, and intercultural communication. The study allows us to conclude that the verbs of interpersonal relationships are quite often used in both languages. The meanings of Chinese and Russian verbs are not always equivalent. Their semantic structures may also differ. The analysis of interlanguage gaps reveals the presence of incomplete lexical correspondence to a foreign word. Some verbal lexicons express interpersonal relationships in their direct meanings, while others develop this ability as a result of semantic modulation and semantic derivation. Interpersonal relationships can be expressed by verbs from other lexico-semantic groups, acquiring the semantics of interpersonal relationships in the context. In conclusion, we note that expressions of interpersonal relationships can also be verb-noun combinations, which, when analyzing various specifiers in the context, indicate the reasons for a positive or negative attitude towards a person.

Keywords: Russian language, verbs of contact, external manifestation of attitude, emotional-evaluative attitude, verb-name combinations, semantic structure, interpersonal relations, verb, lexicon, Chinese language

Abstract: The subject of the study is the concepts “Motherland” and “State”, their synonyms and associative images in Russian songs and Russian language, including Russian phraseological units, proverbs and sayings. The first concept is understood as a small homeland and a large homeland. Each person has his own small homeland, which is associated with place of birth, family, house, street, village, town, etc. The large homeland in a broad sense refers to the native country. The small homeland is part of the big homeland. These concepts play a role in the formation of Russian person’s national consciousness, spiritual values, worldview, character and personality. The purpose of this work is to clarify their meanings and differences in Russian language and in Russian people’s consciousness. Research methods include descriptive, associative, comparative methods, methods of synthesis and generalization, and semantic analysis. When analyzing and comparing the concepts “Motherland” and “State”, this work examines the images reflected in the texts of Russian songs about these concepts and language examples in Russian phraseological dictionaries. The conducted research shows that the term “Motherland”, associated with national history, culture and ethnic identity, has a spiritual psychological flavor. The term “State” with a social meaning is defined as a political, legal, economic form of organization of human society. This concept is associated with the images of “law”, “authority”, “army/armed force”, “citizen”, etc. Clarifying the differences in their semantics in Russian language helps speakers of other linguistic cultures to better understand their significance in Russian people’s history, culture and consciousness, their role and influence on the formation of Russian people’s national psychology and spiritual world. The study of these concepts has prospects for expanding foreign students' vocabulary, deeper understanding of the Russian language, culture, people, its spiritual world and their relationships and enriching their cultural, linguistic and personal experience.

Keywords: proverbs, phraseological units, Russian song, spiritual world, personality, concept, state, homeland, Russian language, sayings

Abstract: The object of the study is a textual staple "another thing that", which was formed on the basis of the noun "thing". The subject of the study is its structural, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties. The purpose of this article is to present the results of the analysis of the specified properties of the staple and, on this basis, to show the features of its functioning in modern Russian. One of the aspects of consideration is the analysis of contextual modifications of the staple and the establishment of its main variant. Syntactically, its ability to function both in the text and in a complex sentence is analyzed. The main attention is paid to determining the type of relationship that a staple establishes between fragments of text, and identifying the dependence of the type of relationship on the semantics of the components that make up the staple. Considerable attention is paid to the pragmatic properties of the staple, its ability to convey the evaluative opinion of the speaker is considered. The material for the analysis was text fragments obtained with the help of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NKRR). The material was collected using a continuous sampling method, as well as using the "lexico-grammatical search" option in the main newspaper and oral corpus of the NKRR. Descriptive and quantitative research methods were used in the analysis of linguistic material. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time a detailed analysis of the features of the functioning of the structure is presented in modern literary texts and media texts. As a result of the study, it was found that in the vast majority of cases, a paperclip "another thing that" functions in the text as a "text paperclip". The main variant of the bond is a structure that includes the union "what". This text staple establishes a contradictory relationship between fragments of text, which is due to the semantics of the pronominal adjective "another" that is part of it. The pragmatic component of the staple is its ability to reflect the speaker's position in terms of evaluating situations opposed in the text and indicate a change of sign from plus to minus, and vice versa.

Keywords: opposition, textual connector, means of communication, functional words, text, pragmatics, semantics, syntax, appraisal, pronoun adjective

Abstract: The subject of the study is the semantics of the lexemes gadget and device in the modern Russian language. The spheres of use of these words, semantic differences and similarities between them, and their stylistic specificity are discussed. As sources of linguistic information about the functioning of lexemes, the data of the Russian National Corpus, the results of an Internet search and a questionnaire were used. The article reveals the multiple meanings of the words gadget and device in the modern Russian language. The YandexGPT neural network was used to verify the selected word meanings. The results obtained do not coincide with the data presented in modern explanatory dictionaries. The word-formative productivity of borrowed bases is noted – non-formal derivatives of different parts of speech are consistently formed from them. A descriptive method was used in the article. Based on the innovative nature of denotative realities and the inconsistent lexicographic description of the corresponding lexemes in modern dictionaries, the article applied an onomasiological approach ("from thing to word"). The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time a comparative semantic study of these lexemes was carried out using the above methods, their regular meanings and stylistic specificity were revealed. The analysis made it possible to draw conclusions: lexical neologisms naming innovative devices are inconsistently described by modern dictionaries, their study is an important task and requires modern research methods with the use of computer technologies; the words gadget and device are hyperonyms in relation to the lexical units of the field "Personal computing devices", they have both semantic differences and similarities and are actively adapted in modern Russian-speaking usage. The communicative relevance of these words is evidenced by the possibility of their indirect ironic use as a means of designating almost any object.

Keywords: use of neural network data, paronymic attraction, word-formative derivation, adaptation of anglicisms, borrowing, neological vocabulary, device, gadget, lexical-semantic field, personal computing device

Abstract: The object of the study is examples of the use of wordplay in the advertising texts translated from English into Russian. The subject of the study is the translation techniques used by translators to preserve the communicative orientation and impact on the reader. The choice of the research object is due to the prevalence of advertising text in the modern world, which implies the need to develop common translation standards and examples of solutions to emerging difficulties. The problem of translating different types of wordplay has been little studied in modern linguistics, which determines the need for further research. Even less studied is the problem of translating wordplay in advertising slogans in a comparative aspect. The analysis of the collected material allowed us to identify three main translation strategies: the transmission of wordplay, in which the method of wordplay formation is preserved; transmission, in which the preservation of the method of wordplay formation is impossible or undesirable; transmission, in which the preservation of wordplay itself is impossible. In the latter case, translators often have to sacrifice the communicative effect, which is not desirable from the standpoint of modern translation studies. The article concludes that the linguistic features of slogans and, in particular, the use of wordplay in them must be taken into account when translating in order to ensure maximum preservation of communicative intent and communicative effect.

Keywords: phraseology, recipient, communicative intention, communicative effect, impossibility of translation, pun, translation studies, wordplay, advertising, omission

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of the conceptual pair “Life” and “Death” in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world. The relevance of this study is due to the growing need for successful intercultural cooperation between Chinese and Russian cultures. Due to objective extralinguistic factors, there is an intensive exchange of knowledge between China and Russia. The flow of Chinese students to Russia is increasing; In the learning process, they are interested not so much in mastering the functioning of the Russian language system, but in understanding the “Russian world.” This process can be difficult due to the discrepancy between the original and the target cultures. The purpose of this work is to study the conceptual complex “Life – Death”, implemented in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world, on the basis of precedent texts widely known to recipients. The subject of the study is the differential characteristics of the conceptual dyad, identified in the process of analysis. The material for the work is precedent texts, in particular, poetic and paremiological units containing the lexical component “Life” and “Death” in the Chinese language. Research methods: descriptive method, conceptual analysis, linguocultural commentary method, contextual analysis, questionnaire. The analysis showed that in the system of social relations the role of each person is determined from birth. Death in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world is the other side of life; It becomes grief and loss only if the individual fails to realize his best qualities. In a certain sense, life for speakers of Chinese language consciousness is a moral achievement. The parameters of the Chinese linguistic picture of the world that we have considered constitute the fund of knowledge that will allow us to begin to comprehend the Russian linguistic picture of the world either by “comparing” mental spaces or by eliminating gaps.

Keywords: explanation, model, values, association experiment, precedent text, Chinese linguistic culture, conceptual pair, concept, linguistic picture of the world, linguoculturology

Abstract: Basing on their own experience in teaching linguistic disciplines, the authors of the article reveal the most complicated issues in Lexical semantics learning. Being involved into new system of education, the first and second-year students need not only to get new knowledge, but also to master skills of the research work by studying the term paradigm. The subject of the study is one of the possible methods of training, which allows forming the theoretical knowledge of students through practical skills. The authors believe that future linguists should have knowledge about the meaning side of the language units of different levels and be aware of the componential analysis of the words meaning. The authors technique is a system of creative research tasks designed to help students master important concepts of modern semantic research, form the ability to use the terms that make up the theoretical basis of the topic “Componential analysis of the lexical meaning of a word” correctly and consciously. At the first stage students individually need to determine the lexical meaning of the occasional word relying on the paradigmatic and syntagmatic links of the words (creative work is based on the novel by T. Tolstoy “Kys”). Then students form lexical meaning of the words of the same thematic group. At the final stage students write the dictionary entry. This technique not only helps students to understand fundamental concepts while studying “Componential analysis of the lexical meaning of a word”, but also make the results of the research work productive and the conclusions conscious.

Keywords: integral seme, syntagmatic links, paradigmatic links, componential analysis, occasional vocabulary, language sign, lexical semantics, differential semes, dictionary entry, implication

Abstract: The article examines the use of the term lost generation in modern journalistic discourse, which originally referred to writers of the first half of the twentieth century who passed the First World War and expressed in their work its tragic experience, their inner emptiness and alienation from society. The presence of an attribute with a characterizing meaning in this idiomatic term allows it to be determinologized and used in modern Russian speech as a free phrase: in relation to different generations of people, primarily to modern Russian youth. The purpose of the article is to describe the main types of usage of the syntagma lost generation in modern Russian speech and to identify their connection with the original meaning of the term. The research material is contexts extracted from the National Corpus of the Russian language, as well as the results of the linguistic experiment conducted by the authors. The authors uses quantitative, functional-semantic, descriptive methods, uses the method of component analysis, highlights the main meanings and areas of use of syntagma as a steadily reproducible precedent nomination. Comparison of the experimental results and analysis of the contexts of the National Corpus of the Russian language shows significant consistency. Both in the survey and in the corpus, the terminological use is quite frequent (the second most frequent among all the selected types), however, it is significantly inferior to the totality of non-terminological uses, among which both close to the original and rather distant ones stand out (‘youth’, ‘people who did not justify the hopes placed on them in the professional sphere’, ‘socially unprotected groups' and others).

Keywords: Russian journalistic discourse, NCRL, polysemy, negative evaluation, semantics, idiomatics, determinologization, linguistic experiment, precedent phenomenon, term lost generation

Abstract: The subject of the study is "Maxims and moral reflections" by Francois IV de La Rochefoucauld — a collection of aphorisms, first published in 1665 and became one of the most significant works of French classical literature of the XVII century. The question of the originality of this work, as well as its place in the literary tradition of the era, remains, nevertheless, open. The purpose of this article is an attempt to synthesize existing points of view on the originality of "Maxim". The method of research is the lexical and stylistic analysis of the collection and its correlation with the traditions of the era, as well as the requirements for form and content imposed on classical works. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the appeal to a wide range of works and the multidimensional nature of the study of the issue. Although many researchers still turn to the history of the genre and the historical context to find sources that influenced the content of the collection, quite little remains said about the language design of "Maxim" and their relationship with the normative works of the era. In the course of this analysis, we have established that, although the "Maxims" correspond to the canons of a classic work, they are the result of a complex synthesis of a wide range of phenomena. Their writing was influenced by the historical context, beliefs and habits of the French secular elite, the literary tradition of the previous era and the philosophical works of the author's contemporaries. Thus, we come to the conclusion that La Rochefoucauld's specific vision of the world, which in some aspects does not correspond to the generally accepted worldview of the era, is more than a tribute to fashion or a simple imitation.

Keywords: La Rochefoucauld, Maxims, French Literature, Classicism, Linguistics, Genetic Analysis, Semantic Analysis, Stylistic Analysis, Port-Royal Grammar, Art of Poetry

Abstract: The article presents the results of a contrastive description of a fragment of the picture of the world of Vietnamese and Russian as two unrelated and not neighboring peoples. The object of the study is the anthroponymic vocabulary of modern Vietnamese and Russian languages, the subject of the study is the common and non-coinciding features of the anthroponymic complex of these languages under consideration. The study is carried out on the material of dictionaries and cultural studies devoted to Russian and Vietnamese linguistic cultures. The result of the analysis is the conclusions made by the author about the similarities and differences, obtained from a contrastive analysis of the anthroponyms of two unrelated languages. The author does not concur in the tendency to reduce the Vietnamese anthroponymic complex, as well as the rearrangement of its components when mentioned and cited in the scientific literature. The materials and conclusions of the study can be used in teaching Russian and Vietnamese languages, some conclusions can be included in the general theory of anthroponymy.

Keywords: Russian language, Vietnamese language, middle name, personal name, surname, name origin, name semantics, anthroponymic complex, anthroponymicon, linguoculturology

Abstract: This research work is carried out within the framework of the cognitive-discursive paradigm and is devoted to the analysis of the features of the semantics of adjectives of color in natural language and the identification of translation problems that translators may face. Description of the semantics of language units allows you to reproduce how colors are understood in the Russian and English worldview. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the semantics of adjectives of color designation and possible problems in the translation of units characterizing color: "red", "orange", "yellow", "green", "blue", "blue", "purple", "white", "black". The study is based on the data of lexicographic articles and bilingual text corpora. The research method was a component analysis based on lexicographic descriptions. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the use of a new methodology that relies on the rich material of digital technologies. A refined idea of the nature of conceptualization and verbalization of the color spectrum in English and Russian is obtained; a more complete description of the semantics of the studied units and the differences in their perception and verbalization in the two linguistic worldviews. The main conclusions of this study are to determine the ways of verbalization of the color spectrum in two linguistic pictures of the world and to highlight problems in the transmission of adjectives of color meanings. When translating the units characterizing color from English into Russian, there is a discrepancy in the names of shades, which is a problem for the transmission of the color spectrum. Russian terminological combinations often correspond to English terminological correlates that preserve the semantic element that introduces information about color. When translating phraseological combinations, there is an "unfolding" of the semantics of expression using structural and lexical substitutions. Russian Russian phraseological units and the discrepancy between the shade of color in the Russian and English language picture of the world when translated from English into Russian were highlighted as the most frequent difficulties in the transmission of color meanings.

Keywords: adjectives, colour adjectives, semantics, linguistic worldview, phrases, terms, translation, comparing linguistic worldviews, colour worldview, colour terms

Abstract: In this paper, the behavior of verbal idioms in Spanish is studied. In the phraseological world, there are various classifications depending on the characteristic features of phraseological units. This article focuses on the pragmatics of various verbal idioms in Spanish. Verbal idioms are mainly phraseological units characterized by fixation and idiomaticity. The fact that these characteristics are shared with other phraseological units and that both fixation and idiomaticity are gradual characteristics has traditionally made it difficult to establish clear boundaries that adequately delimit different types of phraseological units, especially when they contain verbs. However, it is possible to characterize verbal idioms by distinguishing them as linguistic units at three gradually limiting levels: firstly, as phraseological units or fixed expressions with a high degree of fixation; secondly, as idioms with idiomatic meaning and, thirdly, verbal idioms as such differ in that they are formed by the verb core. The examples given in the work and many others show that, despite the fact that fixation is one of the defining features of phraseological units, hence verbal idioms, it is necessary to take into account various phenomena that call into question its immutability. These phenomena represent, on the one hand, the inflection of the verb core and other components that establish a relationship of agreement with elements external to the idiom when they are inserted into speech; on the other hand, the possibility of replacing some of its components with a more or less limited number of words forming a series of lexical variants of the same idiom; and, finally, syntactic-type operations, such as the inclusion of paragraphs between the components of a verbal idiom, the increase or reduction of certain expressions, changes in the order of the components of language expressions and transformations, such as the formation of a passive voice or the nominalization of some verbal idioms.

Keywords: Cultural concept, Semantics, Literal meaning, Portable value, verbal idioms, stable expressions, phraseological units, idiomatic, Pragmatics, Linguistic code

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of the semantics of negative pronouns in the Russian language. At the moment, there are two main approaches to this issue. In the first approach, negative pronouns are considered synonyms of the indefinite pronouns 'someone', 'someone' or 'someone', used only in negative contexts (i.e., no one came = it is not true that someone came). The second approach treats them as synonymous with the quantifier 'everyone' (for example, no one came = everyone (person) didn't come). The article discusses the arguments in favor of the second version of the analysis, based on the permissibility of combining negative pronouns with the modifier 'almost' (as, for example, in the sentence 'almost no one came'). The relevance of the study is due to the lack of consensus on the correct version of the analysis of the semantics of negative pronouns. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that it presents new arguments showing that the permissibility of combinations of the type 'almost nobody' presents a problem for the analysis of negative pronouns as indefinite. Firstly, this analysis cannot simultaneously explain the permissibility of combinations like 'almost no one' and the inadmissibility of combinations like 'almost someone', 'almost anyone' and 'almost anyone'. Secondly, it is shown that this analysis requires considering 'almost' as an operator having a scope over the entire proposition, and not a separate component. However, such an analysis of the modifier 'almost' leads to the prediction of non-existent interpretations in negative sentences with numerals like 'Peter has not solved almost ten problems'. Thus, it is shown that negative pronouns are synonymous with universal quantifiers of the type 'each', and not indefinite pronouns.

Keywords: Russian, syntax, quantifiers, indefinite pronouns, negative pronouns, negative matching, formal semantics, scope of action, approximation, denial

Abstract: This article analyzes the anthroponymy of the detective novella “Wolves Do Not Sleep” (1974) by Lev Gabyshev and Ivan Zozulya, which reflects the author's message, promotes understanding and perception of the text by readers. The subject of this research is the semantics and functions of literary names in artistic space of the text, process of adding meaning, and saturation of content of onym. The goal of this work is to determine functions and multidimensional semantics of anthroponyms based on the internal form of the word, connotations and paronymic associations, as well as reveal the impact of all implicit and explicit components of onym upon discovery of intentions and worldview orientations of the authors. The article is first to analyze the system of literary names of the novella “Wolves Do Not Sleep” by L. Gabyshev and I. Zozolya, and reveal the meanings and functions of the last names of the protagonists. The work contributes to further development of methodology of analysis of proper nouns in artistic space of the text, specification of such fundamental concepts as connotative semantics, function of onym, text, language game, etc The conclusion is made that the literary names of the novella differ in semantic diversity, have a vast and complex lexical background, and characterized as multifunctional symbols. Onyms perform the role of linking structural elements of semantic space of the text, ensuring its coherence. In addition to the text-forming function, anthroponyms fulfill a characteristic and meaning-making function; indicating the spatial-time coordinates of the text as a whole, they localize the character in a certain time and geographical space, giving information on his national affiliation. Being involved in creation of semantic multidimensionality of the text, literary names are verbal means for realization of the author's intentions and worldview.

Keywords: connotation, plot, polysemy, function, etymology, semantics, literary name, coherence, text, character

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of proper names in Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin's novel 'The Golovlyov Family'. This is the issue that has not been duly studied by Russian science and thus provides a wide area for research. The subject of the research is both male and female propery names used in the novel. The researcher emphasizes the etymology of anthroponyms as well as word-making models used in the anthroponymic system of the novel. The object of the research is the polyfunctionality of propery names in a literary work. The methodological basis of the research is V. Vinogradov's and other researchers' views as well as those of researchers in general and special theory of anthroponimics. The author comes to the conclusion that a name performs many functions in the novel The Golovlyov Family'. The role of anthroponyms is not limited to only naming function but contribute to the identification of a character. Names reflect distinguished features of the novel characters (i.e. perform the function of describing a personality), emphasizes relations between heroes, clarifies the author message, thus becoming an element of the narrative plot and means of conveying the message of the novel. 

Keywords: word formation, semantics, proper noun, Russian literature, the semantic function, literary character, onomastics, etymology, novel, polyfunctionality

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of the nouns terra in Portuguese newspapers of the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries. Information about the meanings of a word is also contained in explanatory dictionaries, however they contain the lexical norm of a literary language, in contrast to written and oral texts created by native speakers and reflecting the usual usage. Due to the fact that the purpose of this study is to analyze usage rather than norms, we used the texts of modern Portuguese newspapers contained in the corpus O Corpus de Referência do Portuguê Contemporâneo (CRPC) as the material. We have analyzed more than a thousand contexts from the newspaper subcorpus corresponding to the terra request, and the revealed values are structured in accordance with their meaning and modern ideas about the Earth and its structure, as well as taking into account the given explanatory dictionaries. The scientific novelty of the article is related to the use of data and the functionality of the CRPC corpus for the analysis of the noun terra, which was not previously considered by domestic researchers. As a result of the analysis of contexts, eight broad meanings were identified, in six of which several somewhat narrower ones were identified, and many of them reflected the peculiarities of terra perception by modern native speakers.

Keywords: frequency, lexicon, newspaper subcorpus, linguistic corpus, usus, European Portuguese, modern Portuguese, context, meaning, polysemy

Abstract: The object of the research is the phraseological units with an ethnonym component. The subject of the research is the lexical and semantic particularities of the aforesaid units. The present article is devoted to particular features of the symbolic nature of phraseological units which is conditioned by the fact that there is a certain symbolic connection between the form and content. Analysis of phraseological units' semantic structure particularities allows to view the process of phraseological meaning formation in terms of the reflection of stereotyped images of various nations in the sphere of French phraseology. The authors of the article analyze the three-level organisation of the phraseological unit semantic complex that consists of various kinds of information structures creating the cognitive environment, however, the main and the leading element that participates in the development of the phraseological meaning is the semantics of a culturally marked enthonym that reflects the sphere of social relations and points out at certain features of ethnic communities. The research methods used by the authors in their research include the method of semantic analysis, partial selection method, description, cultural-historical method and comparison. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors describe the phraseological fund of stereotyped images reflected in the structure of studied phraseological units that are some kind of a condensate of cultural memory allowing to trace back the process of phraseological semiosis.     

Keywords: significate, connotate, ethnonym , denotative meaning, significative meaning, connotative meaning, connotation, denotate, designator, phraseological semiosis

Abstract: The article is devoted to the metaphor of 'tasting the book' based on the example of two compilations of selected preaching works written by the first poet laureate Simeon of Polotsk, 'Spiritual supper' (1681) and 'Spiritual dinner' (1683). The author defines specifics of the metaphor in old Russian religious literature and baroque literature of the second half of the XVIIth century. She also traces back the development of the metaphor and its use in the headings based on the Ukranian-Polish homiletic tradition as well as its lexical interpretation. The author analyzes the successive development of the metaphor's semantic components in poetic and prosaic prefaces to the aforesaid compilations. The research methods used by the authors include hermeneutical, cultural-historical, contextual, comparative-historical and comparative analysis. The main results of the research include description of the metaphor of tasting the book in Russian baroque literature of the pre-Peter period based on the example of preaching works written by the first poet laureate Simeon of Polotsk. The authors also offer a detailed analysis of the metaphor's semantic components and lexical meaning of these components in terms of the Russian literary process during the second half of the XVIIth century. 

Keywords: interpretation, literary process, spiritual supper, spiritual dinner, pre-Peter Russia, metaphor, sermon, homiletics, Simeon of Polotsk, baroque

Abstract: In this paper I seek to find a middle way pragmatic solution to Williamson-Travis’s controversy about the principle of bivalence within a Wittgensteinian pragmatism. It seems to me that Travis does not distinguish between the new applications of one and the same concept and the applications of a similar, but different concept (for example, a more general concept). And his examples do not support his thesis about the violation of the principle of bivalence. On the contrary, Williamson, I think, does not take into account the pragmatic “open texture” phenomenon. I partly agree with Williamson that Travis’s examples look like those in which in different contexts words refer to different properties. Unlike Williamson, who operates with the notions of a character (linguistic meaning) and content, and unlike Travis who operates with the notions of a semantic meaning and understanding, I introduce tree levels of meaningfulness: the linguistic, the semantic (or the level of a rule/concept), and the pragmatic one (the level of the use of a rule/concept, or the meaning-use level). I agree with Williamson that the classical principle of bivalence holds. It is “violated” only in a domain of potential new utterances, whose truth-conditions are not pre-determined (such utterances are not fully meaningful). This is the phenomenon of the conceptual (hence, I think, also ontological) under-determination of the world. Travis’s «Aristotle condition» is equivalent to the condition that the gap between thought, language and the world is closed.

Keywords: family resemblance, concept, the principle of bivalence, meaning, utterance, Aristotle condition, pragmatism, contextualism, Timothy Williamson, Charles Travis