Abstract: This article is devoted to the study and analysis of artificial languages, namely artlangs, which are used to create a unique setting and functionality in computer game discourse (using the example of the computer game “Chants of Sennaar”). The object of the study is arlangs in computer game discourse. The subject of the study is the functional features and roles of artlangs in computer game discourse, their world-forming and plot-forming functions. To analyze the classification and functions of artlang in the virtual space of a computer game, the authors of the article use an integrated approach (integrative, exploratory and configurative) in order to identify lexical, grammatical and syntactic features of artlangs, as well as take into account their connection with game mechanics, in-game space and the communicative reality of computer games. Linguistic analysis in the article is based on a comparison of 5 artificial languages specially created for the game in question, each of which has its own unique functionality and structure that reflect the specifics of the group of characters that use it. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the authors of the study tried to deduce the universal and specific characteristics of artificial languages (artlangs) in computer game discourse. The authors conclude that computer-gaming discourse offers a fundamentally new, different from fiction, interactive space for the creation and functioning of artificial languages, as well as for conducting unique linguistic experiments at the intersection of grammar, morphology and semantics. In addition, the authors concluded that the implementation of these artlangs within the framework of all three approaches (integrative, exploratory and configurative) allows fictional languages (artlangs) to fully function and develop as independent linguistic systems, enriching the gaming experience and constructing a new communicative reality.

Keywords: interactivity, game mechanics, game discourse, computer discourse, artlang functions, artlang taxonomy, artlang, conlang, artificial language, integrative approach

Abstract: The subject of the study is the description of the conceptual field of the linguistic activity in the Russian dialects of the Amur region, distinguished by local conditions of interdialectal contact. It is argued that the verbs can act as representatives of the picture of the world of native speakers of Russian dialects: the meanings of dialect verbs revealed in the process of analysis reflect the worldview of dialect speakers, the peculiarities of their life, interests, inclinations, psyche, behavior, the idea of native speakers of dialects about relationships between people. The use of the field method, as well as elements of the cognitive commentary technique and quantitative comparisons made it possible to identify the features of the verbalization of culturally significant concepts for native speakers of the Amur region, and also allowed us to describe the concept "Fear". The relevance and novelty of the study lies in the fact that the specifics of the verb vocabulary in dialects remains poorly studied; For the first time, an attempt was made to study the dialect picture of the world of the inhabitants of the Amur region based on the material of one of the lexical-semantic groups of dialect verbs recorded in the "Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur Region". The main conclusions of this study summarize that the concept "Fear" in the Russian dialects of the Amur region has a structure: it consists of a core, a center and a periphery. The concept of "Fear" is expressed by synonymous verbal lexemes, which represent a gradational series with the meanings "to experience a state of fear" and "to bring to a state of fear".

Keywords: dialectal language picture, fear, picture of the world, concept, Russian dialects of the Amur region, dialects, micropole, conceptual field, verbs of mental activity, verbal verbalization

Abstract: The article examines the features of language policy in Portuguese-speaking countries. According to the author, language policy is the key to the solution of the linguistic problems of the national community and to the formation of the language environment. Language policy measures can be applied in three areas: institutional, educational and economic ones. In the field of institutional activity, legislative documents, especially the constitutions, are of primary importance. They determine the official or co-official status of the language. This study analyses the texts of the Constitutions and of the key acts of the Commonwealth of Portuguese Language Countries, which are the Declaration of Unification and the Charter. In addition, digital editions of the updated orthographic dictionaries were considered as a means to developing a unified spelling standard, which takes into account the national and territorial differentiation of the Portuguese language. The author notes that the language policy in Portuguese-language countries, being an instrument of nation-building and a symbol of the development of national culture, is at the same time a means to achieving political goals and a manifestation of historically marked identity. Through the analysis of the content of official documents, the author comes to the conclusion that Portuguese-speaking countries, being ethnically heterogeneous, are converging within the framework of language policy. Language policy, in turn, takes into consideration the priorities of youth policy, which involves the integration of young people with the help of the latest technological resources.

Keywords: Lusophony, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Constitution, co-official language, official language, state language, language policy, language environment, Portuguese Studies, Portuguese

Abstract: The subject of the scientific article is the main innovations in the Russian language that appeared during the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze innovations in the Russian language during the pandemic, as well as their classification. The following methods were used in the work: text analysis, comparative analysis, frequency analysis, categorization, deduction method. The results of the work showed that many innovations were formed in the Russian language during the pandemic: new words translated from another language or undergone lexical development; homonymy; dissemination of slang vocabulary; going beyond specialized circles of highly specialized vocabulary; non-usual changes in the scope of semantics; the prevalence of one main discourse in speech and language. The article allows us to understand how social transformations affect language and the linguistic picture of the world. In this regard, the results of the work can be used to create effective communication strategies and understand the various processes unfolding in society. The research can also help improve the procedure for translating various texts, as well as improve intercultural interaction during a pandemic and similar situations. The novelty of the research can be seen both at the theoretical and practical levels. At the theoretical level, the approaches of various authors to recording changes in the field of the Russian language during the Covid-19 pandemic were collected, analyzed and structured. At a practical level, these changes are supported by specific examples that can be useful to philologists, linguists, journalists and any other interested parties who operate with the terminology of the pandemic period and use it in their work. The pandemic has significantly affected the Russian language and led to many changes in it. These innovations were reflected in the works of modern Russian linguists and philologists, as well as in various journalistic materials on the Internet, which became the empirical basis for the study.

Keywords: lexical acquisition, slang words, Covid-19 pandemic, Non-articular changes, intellectualisation of language, mainstreaming discourse, change of meaning, homonymy, neologisms, Russian language

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study and analysis of modern technologies, namely artificial intelligence as an auxiliary tool in the work of a translator. The purpose of the study is to find out whether chatbots based on GPT–3.5 technology can be used in translation activities. The article compares the capabilities of chatbots and online text corpora, as well as checks their analytical abilities and ability to rhyme. Dialog assistants are given a task to find information or analyze it based on a query given to them. At the same time, it is checked whether chatbots developed by different companies provide the same information. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the attempt to find a universal tool that can automate the routine work of the translator. A special contribution of the authors of the study is an attempt for the first time to compare and analyze the rapidly developing functionality of chatbots in the context of translation activities and to identify key problems that do not allow the effective use of this technology in translation. As a result, it was determined that the modern GPT language model has many limitations and disadvantages that stop chatbots from becoming a reliable source of information and an efficient translation tool. Problems were identified, the solution of which would make it possible to use Chat GPT and other chatbots in translation activities.

Keywords: Chatsonic, Sage, Perplexity, text corpora, pre-translation analysis, neural networks, Computer-Aided Interpreting systems, Chat GPT, artificial intelligence, chatbot

Abstract: The difficult coexistence of Catalan and Spanish languages on the territory of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia (ASC) in Spain, which can be characterized as a conflict, has taken new forms in recent decades, which is especially noticeable on the example of the younger generation born after the "democratic transit". The systematization of sociological survey data shows that, being a product of the Catalan-oriented education system in the ASC (since 1978), the current Catalan youth is characterized by a high degree of Spanish-Catalan bilingualism, and this is not a one-sided process among Catalan-speaking young people, but mutual, although not completely symmetrical. This "bilingualization" has become a new tool for solving the language conflict at the individual level (refusal to choose one of the languages in favor of another), which reduces its tension, but once again calls into question social dominance.

Keywords: diglossia, catalan education system, language contact, language identity, bilingualization of youth, language behavior, language policy, Catalan language, language conflict, bilingualism

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of reactions to the important in three associative dictionaries: "SEABASS – Russian regional associative database (Siberia and the Far East)", "Russian regional associative dictionary-thesaurus EVRAS" and "Russian associative Dictionary". The research material is valid, since the associative experiment is one of the reliable methods of psycholinguistics. Reactions explicitly expressing the idea of a person are excluded from consideration in connection with their consideration in the author's previous work. The relevance of the research is connected with insufficient development of scientific ideas about the category of ‘important’ in modern Russian linguistics. The description is based on the semantic gestalt method. The author identifies and describes the semantic groups formed by the reactions under consideration. Their analysis demonstrates the structure of the world, which is built by the category of importance. This world is not elementary and simple, it is multicomponent and complex. In it, a person is a subject with the ability to actively think and create abstract objects and names for them. A thinking subject uses an evaluation scale and can choose what is important to him (T-rank) and what is not (t-rank). This is one of the tools that a person uses to control their activities. Based on these conclusions, the author comes to the conclusion about the "human dimension" of the category "important" in the Russian language.

Keywords: anthropocentricity, semantic zone, semantic gestalt, thymological assessment, category of importance, rating category, associative gestalt, associative dictionary, associative-verbal network, associative field

Abstract: Theorists of metamodernism have written a large number of scientific articles on metamodernism, but these articles only clarify the existence and meaning of metamodernism. It is important to reflect some of the narrative techniques used in literature, and this would contribute to a deeper acquaintance with metamodernism. The purpose of the study is to propose, analyze and reflect the narrative techniques of metamodernism, to enable the reader to better understand metamodernist practices in modern novels. Each era has its own storytelling techniques, and this article will introduce six of the main storytelling techniques used in metamodern novels. Six techniques: hesitation, thinking "as if", man, paradox, breaking boundaries within globalism and metanarrative. The object of the study is the analysis of the narrative techniques of metamodernism. In the article the author used analytical, descriptive and comparative methods. The author analyzes six narrative techniques, listing the reasons for their use. The author describes their use in the text using examples from the works of modern writers. It is also necessary to compare the metamodern narrative techniques with the narrative techniques of previous eras. The practical significance of the application in applying the results in the courses of modern Russian literature, theory and history of Russian and foreign literature. The novelty of the study lies in the reflection of six narrative techniques of metamodernism, which can help the reader to better understand metamodernism as a worldview. As a result, it is proved that metamodernism has its own unique narrative techniques that distinguish it from its predecessors. The six narrative techniques are an important fact proving that metamodernism exists and appears in literature and beyond.

Keywords: worldview, technique, metanarrative, globalism, human, paradox, fluctuation, metamodernism, postmodernism, modernism

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to find out the specifics of word formation in Chinese Russian-learners’ interlanguage. In the process of mastering a second language, interlanguage is considered as a language system in which exist its own rules and function, which differ from the rules of both the native and the target languages. The article updates the concepts of the term "interlanguage" in recent studies in Russian linguistics, discusses the common characteristics of interlanguage, analyzes speech features and written language materials related to interlanguage of two groups of Chinese philology students studying Russian language at the Faculty of Philology in Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author for the first time systematically described the specifics of word formation in Chinese Russian-learners’ interlanguage in aspects of prefix, suffix, word endings, etc., explained the reasons for their existence. The obtained research results provide useful recommendations to teachers working in the field of foreign language teaching; the results can be especially useful in classes for teaching Chinese students Russian language. The material of this article can also be used in the process of compiling textbooks and teaching aids on applied linguistics and the discipline of Russian language.

Keywords: prefix, characteristic features, target language, Chinese learner, interlanguage, Russian language, word formation, specifics, suffix, word ending

Abstract: The subject of the study is the stylistic functions of Spanish adverbs with the suffix -mente in modern Spanish based on the analysis of corpus contexts of works of Spanish prose of the XXI century. The analysis of functional features was based on the theoretical positions of the authors of domestic and foreign grammars of the Spanish language, works on linguistics. Adverbs with the formant - mente are grammatically multifunctional elements that are polysemantic lexical units that have the ability to acquire additional connotations in collocations with other parts of speech. Stylistic possibilities of adverbial units help to solve such author's tasks as assessment, characterization of characters, achievement of expressiveness of the text and imagery of the narrative.   The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time examples from the corpus of the Spanish language of the XXI century were analyzed, the names of the authors of which are well known to the Russian-speaking reader (Carlos Ruiz Safon), or practically unknown at all (Anton Castro, Diego Torron). The result of the study was the conclusion that the formant -mente has not lost its productivity at the current stage of language development and is a characteristic feature of the artistic style of the modern Spanish language. The findings have both scientific significance for theoretical research in the field of morphology of the Spanish language, and practical value for translators of Spanish prose.

Keywords: fiction, connotation, function, lexical meaning, stylistiс, grammar, suffix, adverb, style, translation

Abstract: This article is devoted to the actual problem of the concept "honor" in the Russian and Chinese linguocultures. The concept "honor" is important both for the Russian and Chinese language picture of the world, and is found in different contexts with different meanings. The concept "honor" is of interest in the studies of Russian and Chinese scientists, it reflects the cognitive perspectives and psychological state of different peoples. The object of the research is the concept "honor", the subject is the concept "honor" in Russian and Chinese linguocultures. The author considers conceptual studies in the Russian and Chinese language pictures of the world. The aim of the research of this work is to fully disclose the concept "honor" in Russian and Chinese linguoculture, as well as to identify national and cultural characteristics of the studied concept, trace the concept of the "honor" with the help of different dictionaries, investigate different concrete and stable expressions of the concept "honor" with similar meaning, including proverbs, sayings and others, analyzing symbolization of the concept "honor" in the mentality of the Russian people. In the process of work were used general scientific methods, inductive, descriptive, comparative, etc. As a result of the study it was possible to find out that the concept is an extremely important subject of study in linguoculturology. From the position of linguoculturology the concept "honor" is a reflection of the external world in human consciousness, which organizes the category of the linguistic picture of the world. Honor as an important concept in the study of linguoculturology, and at the same time one of the main concepts constituting Russian and Chinese national spirit.

Keywords: phraseology, proverbs, proverb, lexeme, vocabulary, linguoculture, honor, concept, language picture of the world, linguoculturology

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to find out the features of phrases in the interlanguage of Chinese students studying Russian language. By analyzing a number of works related to the term "interlanguage", comparing the concept of interlanguage in the publications of various specialists, in the article the concept of the term "interlanguage" is clarified, which has been updated in recent years in Russian and foreign linguistics, and similarities and differences in their understandings are found. Highlighting the features of phrases in the interlanguage of Chinese student studying Russian language is an important and urgent task that contributes to the study of interlanguage as a whole. The subjects of the research are oral and written language materials collected by teachers with the help of classroom tests and homework among two groups of Chinese philology students studying Russian language at the Faculty of Philology in Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors for the first time systematically summarized and analyzed such features of phrases in the interlanguage of Chinese students studying Russian language as literal translation from native language to target language, the absence or excessive use of preposition, incorrect choice of preposition in phrases in the interlanguage of Chinese students studying Russian language, and the reasons for the existence of these features. The result of the study provides useful advices in the direction of improving the effectiveness of learning Russian language – in classes of second language acquisition, especially in classes of teaching Chinese students Russian language.

Keywords: learning Russian language, incorrect choice of preposition, the absence use of preposition, literal translation, Russian linguistics, Chinese students, Russian language, interlanguage, phrase, feature

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the category of aspectuality in the Russian language in the context of the implementation of its (category) temporal and non-temporal characteristics, considered in the focus of the Chinese language. The purpose of the work was to identify the features of the expression of temporal and non-temporal characteristics of the category of aspectuality of the Russian verb in the context of the Chinese language. The object of the study is Russian verbs that characterize the aspectual system of the language under consideration, in the context of the Chinese system of aspectuality. The subject of the study is the specificity of the temporal and non-temporal characteristics of the category of aspectuality in the framework of its expression and implementation in Russian in the context of Chinese. The following methods were used during the study: analysis (component, comparative, semantic-cognitive), synthesis, generalization, comparison, dialectical method, descriptive method, classification method, functional method, etc. The main conclusions of the study are : temporal and non-temporal components of the category of aspectuality are represented in Russian to a greater extent by verbs, to a lesser extent by predicatives and auxiliary non-verbal means; in Chinese they are represented by lexical means (morphological signs of aspectuality are not pronounced). The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the specifics of the expression and implementation of temporal and non-temporal characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian in the context of Chinese. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time (within the framework of the problems of modern linguistics) a comprehensive analysis of the specifics of the expression and implementation of temporal and non-temporal characteristics of the category of aspectuality of the Russian verb in the context of the Chinese language was carried out.

Keywords: perfect view, species pair, aspect, functional-semantic field, non-temporal characteristics, species affiliation, Russian, temporal characteristics, actionality, category of aspectuality

Abstract: The subject of the research is the theory of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages: this theory defines the main ways to prevent linguistic interference (the consequences of the influence of one language on another) among students. The object of the study is the theoretical study of the verb of the Russian and Chinese languages. The author examines in detail the functional characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages. In addition, he explores the meaning of aspectual forms in the system of Russian and Chinese languages, etc. Particular attention is paid to identifying patterns in the Russian and Chinese grammar, defining verbal grammatical semantics, comparing the languages with further description and systematization of aspectual meanings and means of their transmission. The main conclusions of the study are related to the specificity of the theory of aspectuality of the Russian school in the focus of the Chinese linguistic school. The Russian verb is the central section of the grammatical system, acting as the core of the sentence and denoting the variability of reality. In Chinese language, the verb serves as an important component of the part-speech system, correlates with the subject, expressed pronoun or noun. The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the functional and semantic characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, within the framework of the typological approach, a comparative analysis of the problems is made: the problems are connected with the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages, with the category of the aspect of the verb, with its internal form as a specific way of displaying and presenting knowledge about the world, a special «linguistic worldview».

Keywords: Chinese linguistic school, the meaning of species forms, national picture of the world, viewmodern relations, type category, theory of aspectuality, the aspectual system of the language, extralinguistic factors, species pairs, functional characteristics

Abstract: The object of the study is the conceptual sphere of the novel "Tired of being born and dying" by the great Chinese writer, Nobel Prize winner Mo Yan, and its subject is the concept "earth". The purpose of the study was to identify the linguistic implementations of the concept of "earth" in the text and to determine the meanings that this concept is endowed with. It is suggested that in the translated text of the novel, the concept of "earth" continues to translate the meanings that the author of the work put into it. The concept is understood as a mental formation in which the experience, traditions of the people are concentrated, its history and mentality are reflected. The concept finds implementation in the language through a set of lexemes and combinations expressing certain semantics.   The scientific novelty of the study is that it for the first time examines the concept of "earth" in Mo Yan's novel "Tired of being born and dying" from the point of view of its role in the picture of the world of the Chinese peasant. Conceptual analysis has shown that the land for the Chinese peasant of the second half of the twentieth century is a source of well—being, a condition of well-being, an object of management and protection, the basis and part of life, connecting life and death, heaven and earth. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that the verbalization of the concept of "earth" is associated with the linguistic and cultural meanings that it expresses in a literary text.

Keywords: verbalization, the picture of the world, China, chinese literature, Mo Yan, conceptual sphere, the concept of earth, the peasant, linguocultural, translation

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the peculiarities of translating English and Chinese children's fairy-tales into the Russian language. Analysis is conducted on such key concepts as “children's fairy-tale”, “literary tale”, and “folklore tale”. The author examines the development stages of English literary tale and Chinese folk tale as independent genres. The main translation transformations used in translating English literary tales and Chinese folk tales into the Russian are explored. Special attention is given to the translation of fairy tales as a form of cross-cultural dialogue due to the fact that such works are loaded with the ethnic-cultural components. The conducted analysis reveals the major challenges face by the translators in dealing with fairy-tale literature. The conclusion is made that the translation of fairy-tale requires taking into account not only the unique genre as such, but also the ethnic-cultural distinctness of different linguistic cultures, foreign mentality, and cultural identity. The scientific novelty consists in the attempt to establish whether it is possible to achieve success in cultural adaptation of English literary tales and Chinese folk tales into the Russian language. The acquired results indicate that the major challenge in translation and cultural adaptation lies in conveyance of cultural uniqueness, as well as ethnic, historical and national flavor of the original texts; it is essential to remember that translation of children’s fairy tale is part of the process of cross-cultural communication, and the translator must become an intermediary of the dialogue of cultures. Fairy tales bear the cultural code of a particular ethnos, being the key to comprehension of the worldview of its representatives. It conveys the socially significant information, embeds moral values, illustrates ethnic-cultural peculiarities, and preserves cultural heritage.

Keywords: dialogue between cultures, cultural code, linguoculture, national cultural identity, Chinese folklore fairy tale, English fairy tale, children’s fairy literature, translating fairy tales, translation strategies and techniques, cultural adaptation

Abstract: The goal of this article is to determine similarities and differences in the process of adaptation of Anglicisms in the German and Russian languages. The subject of this research is Anglicisms that are structurally represented by complex words. The topic of adaptation of Anglicisms – complex words – was selected due its poor coverage in the comparative linguistics. The article determines the derivational models of Anglicisms used in the German and Russian publicistic texts. The author traces the similarity in the presence of derivational models of Anglicisms, namely: word from the recipient language word + English word, English word + word of the recipient language, English word + English word, combinations of 3 or more English words. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article is first to determine the similarities and differences in adaptation of Anglicisms based on the German and Russian publicistic texts. The conclusion is made that unlike Russian language, German language features a wide variety of compounding models. The German language is characterized by the connecting consonant ‘s’ for linking several word roots; while the Russian language is characterizes by the connecting vowel ‘o’. The author also concludes on the similarities and differences of the compared languages in terms of the tendency of grammatical assimilation of the English borrowings. It is noted that in the Russian language they are often masculine, while in German there are almost as many masculine Anglicisms as neuter, as well as a number of feminine Anglicisms. The acquired results can be applied in reading the lectures on comparative lexicology of the German and Russian languages.

Keywords: adaptation, journalistic text, russian language, german language, complex word, derivational model, anglicism, structure, comparison, similarities and differences

Abstract:   It is hard to imagine interpersonal communication without cell phones: this method of communication not only simplifies the process of data transmission, but also significantly saves time, which is of prime important in the conditions of constant acceleration of the pace of life. This refers not only to oral form of communication using cell phones, but also high use of SMS – a short text messages with a standard of 160 characters or less. The scholars have different opinion on the SMS language: some believe that it negatively affects grammar and spelling of the national language, while others see it as a platform for language games and experiments, which originates new forms of interpersonal communication. Philologists note that examination of this layer of  lexicon allows to not only comprehensively assessment this phenomenon, but due to popularization of different chats and messengers and increasing role of Internet communication, make projections on the development of cyber language, which is an evolutionary continuation of the language of short text messages. This research examines the lexicon of French SMS communication from a formal perspective, clarifies the existing theoretical positions, and gives a detailed description to the mechanisms of formation of the vocabulary. The acquired results can become the foundation for further development of the question on the material of other languages. The presented pattern for describing the SMS language can be used as a basic algorithm for studying this linguistic phenomenon in other language communities , and allow carrying out a comparative analysis of SMS language in other countries.  

Keywords: truncation, agglutination, reduction, phonetization, word-formation, short message service, French language, communication, abbreviation, graphic characters

Abstract: This article analyzes different perspectives on the problem of definition of the concept of “children's discourse”, reveals its theoretical framework, as well as clarifies the impact of extralinguistic factors upon the subject matter. Children’s everyday speech. recorded by their parents and posted on the website “Children Speak” www.det.org.ru, is the subject of this research. The goal consists in identification and analysis of the thematic peculiarities of children's discourse and the contributing factors. The scientific novelty of this work lies in revelation of thematic peculiarities of children's discourse on the example of children’s everyday speech; analysis of the key factors influencing their speech activity depending on the frequency of utilization of the studied topics. Theoretical significance of this work consists in elucidation of the concept of “children's discourse”, its dependence on the child’s linguistic identity, and difference from children's speech. Practical significance consists in the acquired results that can be applied in the university courses of psycholinguistics, linguoculturology, ontolinguistics, as well as in compiling textbooks on the Russian language for children. The author distinguishes between the concepts of “children's discourse” and “children's speech”; establishes correlation between the children's discourse and child’s linguistic identity; highlights the frequently used thematic groups, as well as underlines the impact of such factors as visual objects, sociology, and culture upon the children’s discourse. The conclusions may become the foundation for further research dedicated to to children's discourse, children's speech, ontolinguistics, etc.

Keywords: extralinguistic factors, early education, cultural linguistics, culture, linguistic means, children's speech, thematic features, children's linguistic personality, children's discourse, sociology

Abstract: This article on the example of specific language material analyzes the difficulties causes by the need to translate the text as a semantic whole, as well as outline the methods to avoid them. The texts is viewed from two perspectives – as a coherent fragment of speech, and as a speech of particular style. The author carries out comparative analysis of the forms of expression inherent to the texts of scientific and formal business styles in the Russian and English languages; highlights the elements relevant for translation; and classifies them based on nature of their correlation. The article also considers the problems of achieving coherence in translation of the text. The conclusion is made on the need for additional translation transformations substantiated not so much by discrepancies in the structure of two languages, but as by belonging of the original text to a particular speech style. The author lays emphasis on coherence and stylistic uniqueness as the elements relevant for translation of the text as a semantic whole. Such transformations as translation conversion, inter-level transformations, and omission are proposed for translating deverbal nouns in scientific and formal business texts. In the aspect of achieving coherence in translation, the author determines such problems as sentence-level topic model and preservation of co-reference. The article can be valuable for translators and in teaching translation techniques.

Keywords: shift in class of speech, translation shifts, official style, scientific style, text style, textual coherence and cohesion, omission, inter-level transformations, sentence-level topic/theme, co-reference

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the component structure of simple elliptical sentence. The author reviews the key theoretical positions pertaining to the structure of these units. A hypothesis is advanced on revelation of the formula of simple elliptical sentence, which consists in idea of three-component nature of these structures with different literal manifestation of the constituent elements of a sentence. The concept of “three-component nature” of elliptical construct suggest the presence of three components, some of which continue to “act while absent”: subject, elliptical verb component, and distributor of verb component. Simple elliptical sentences from the novel by M. A. Sholokhov “And Quiet Flows the Don” served as the material for this research. The following conclusions were made: simple elliptical sentence is a construct with all attributes of a full sentence from the perspective of semantics, as well as structure; their peculiarity consists in elimination of the predicate, which is also one of the structural components of the syntactic under review; structural formula of any elliptical sentence consists in the presence of three components, which can be literary manifested or the other way around. This research contributes to elucidation of the phenomenon of simple elliptical sentences as sentences with more semantic saturation than the construction with verbalized predicate, as well as to more profound research on Sholokhov’s syntax.

Keywords: Sholokhov, verbal distributor, elliptic verb component, subject, three-component structure, sentence structure, elliptic sentence, ellipsis, syntax, Quiet Don

Abstract: The matter under research is the modern trends in the development of Canada's indigenous languages, i.e. the languages spoken by the representatives of the First Nations, Metis and Inuit as well as new legislative policy of the state aimed at restoration, preservation and practical use of the languages. The author focuses on the new law about preservation of indigenous languages issued in June of 2019, objectives, mechanisms, and prospects as well as issues that arise n modern linguistic education and practical use of languages. In her research Karelina has used general research methods such as analysis and synthesis of research literature and statistical data and comparative approach. The research results demonstrate that the situation with Canada's indigenous languages is still difficult, therefore the Indigenous Languages Act is meant to improve the situation. The law implies state financing of language development programs, research analysis, publications of study books and dictionaries, education of teenagers and training specialists. Recently, a number of indigenous communities of Canada has demonstrated positive trends in expansion of the number of native language speakers as a result of immersion programs at the levels of pre-school and school education and use of new technologies, development of mass media and ethno-tourism. The experience of Canada is of great practical importance for the development of federal and regional programs of support and development of indigenous minorities of Russia. 

Keywords: immersion programs, Indigenous Languages Act, cultural traditions, education, Canada, Metis, Inuit, First Nations, Indigenous people, language

Abstract: The article isd devoted to the analysis of the word 'citizen' that reflects the relation between a person and state. According to the author, it is necessary to analyze the semantics of this lexeme to better understand the general concept of human. At the early XXIst century that lexeme had seven definitions, three definitions prevailing: 1. Humans inhabitting the territory and following the law who are often opposed to state and ruling class. 2. Individual element of the society, often carelessly used instead of words 'men', 'personality', 'individual' to name an adult, profession or go before a propery name lik Mrs or Mr. The research is based on the use of contextual and lexical semantic research methods and implis analysis of mass media texts of the early XXIst century as well as the National Corpus of the Russian language (1002 contexts) taking into account Russian definition dictionaries. Thus, the word 'citizen' denotes one's attitude to the state. It is an active element of the language and has semantic relations to other words and lexemes. The analysis of the semantic structure and functions of this word in modern Russian language has never been carried out on the basis of mass media. 

Keywords: human, vocabulary, Russian language, semantic field, citizen, lexical-semantic variants, word semantics, lexical-semantic method, contextual method, system-functional approach

Abstract: The subject of the research is the analysis of associative relations between twenty emotional concepts (interest, amusement, pride, joy, pleasure, satisfaction, admiration, love, relief, compassion, sadness, guilt, sorrow, shame, disappointment, fear, disdain, disgust, hatred and anger) and twelve basic names of colurs in the Russian language (red, orange, yellow, green, light blue, blue, violet, brown, pink, grey, black and white). The research is aimed at 1) discovering chromatic and achromatic meanings of emotions; 2)discovering syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between color associations; 3) conduction of a linguocultural expertise of national specifics of discovered associative relations. The research is based on the on-line experiment that involved 103 Russian speakers (63 females and 40 males, the average age of resondents is 36.5, min age is 19 and max age is 78, sd=16.7). To analyze emotions, the researcher has applied the Geneva Emotion Wheel Inventory (GEW version 3.0) as a tool for self-evaluation of emotions and attitudes to a particular event. The results of the experiment have proved that Russian culture correlates the lightness of color to the valency of emotions. Positive emotions are associated with light colors and negative emotions are associated with darker colors. The closest emotional relations were demonstrated by yellow and orange, light blue and green, red and pink, black and grey. These pairs are often found as components of color images, too. 

Keywords: cross-cultural research, Geneva Emotion Wheel, experiment, associative relation, Russian, emotion, color name, color, affective meaning, basic color terms

Abstract: In her article Kuleshova proves the need to create an English-Russian terminological dictionary in a relative new field of knowledge, the theory of photonic crystals. There is no such a dictionary today. Creation of a dictionary is an integral task on the basis of the systems approach, in this case, it is caused by the need to develop the system of terms of photonic crystals in the Russian language. The author examines the conceptual grounds of the dictionary and defines thematic and aspect-related orientation of the dictionary, its purposes and volume, criteria for selection of terms, etc. The author offers her own classification of terms and harmonizes these terms to other terminological systems. The subject of the research is the anlaysis of the principles to be observed when creating a terminological dictionary, the object of the research is the terminological system of photonic crystals. To select the research material, the author has applied the continuous sampling method as well as the method of scientific description implying systematization and interpretation. The main results of the research are the structure of the dictionary at the marco- and microlevels, rules for selection of terms and development of a terminological system of photonic crystals. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author systematizes terms in the theory of photonic crystals and harmonizes English and Russian terminological systems in this field. The dictionary is to be used by specialists in the field of photonic crystals theory as well as physics and other technical science students. 

Keywords: terminology, term theory, term, terminography, terminology studies, term system, terminological dictionary, English, Russian, photonic crystals

Abstract: The subject of the research is violations of one of the laws of formal logic, the law of the excluded middle, that can be found in modern media discourse. Special attention is paid to the problem of correlation in the speech practice of deviations from the law of noncontradiction and the law of the excluded middle. Based on the analysis of examples from journalistic texts, an attempt was made to examine the studied illogism in three aspects: as logical errors, as manipulative techniques, and as figurative and expressive means realized in tests in the form of tropes and figures. The purpose of this work is to determine the linguistic status and features of the implementation of conscious and unconscious deviations of the law of the excluded middle in the media discourse. The methodological basis of the study involves the methods of systematization and analysis (interpretation, classification, and contextual analysis). The author came to the conclusion that, in a speech, violations of the law of the excluded middle are found only in symbiosis with violations of the law of non-contradiction. Analysis of examples from journalistic texts showed that there are two types of deviations from the law of the excluded middle depending on the reasons for their occurrence. If a logical rule is violated unconsciously, then a logical error appears in the text. In the case when the author intentionally goes to damage the logical structure of the utterance, the violation is a technique. In turn, the goals of the addressee predetermine the division of techniques into manipulative (in the case when the recipient does not have to notice a logical discrepancy) and stylistic ones iin the case when the recepient uses paths and figures (which are meant to influence the addressee).

Keywords: stylistic means, manipulation, logical error, the law of the excluded middle, the law of contradictions, journalistic text, media discourse, alogism, tropes, stylistic figures

Abstract: The object of the research is the interfered Russian speech of speakers of a number of Indo-European languages. In the course of the study, two tasks were set: to record and analyze the phonetic accent of speakers of different-structured languages; to identify universal difficulties in the assimilation of Russian front-lingual noisy consonants, typological and specific features that appear when pronouncing noisy front-lingual consonants in interfered Russian speech of speakers of some languages of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic groups. The main methods for solving the tasks set in the work are comparative, descriptive and experimental. The basis for the study was the linguistic experiment, which consisted in recording the audio carrier and the subsequent analysis of the interfered Russian speech of foreigners using a special technique. In the linguistic experiment, materials for recording were used, constructed taking into account the differences between the phonetic system of the Russian language and the phonetic systems of the students' native languages.The novelty of the study lies in the fact that as a result of the linguistic experiment, a material was collected that allowed to give an analytical understanding of the similarities and discrepancies in the phonetic accents of speakers of different structural languages, to determine the universal difficulties encountered by all foreigners studying Russian, typological difficulties and typological features of the emphasis of speakers some languages, including unrelated ones, as well as specific errors that occurred in speakers of specific languages. Taking into account the data of the analysis, it is possible to create a training course for Russian sounding speech for speakers of Indo-European languages.

Keywords: Slavic languages, alveolar fricatives, specific, typological, universal, foreign accent, phonetical interference, Romance languages, Germanic languages, differencing languages

Abstract: The subject of this study is the translation of Russian literature of the second half of the XX century. The author traces how the genre features of the texts affect the reader's and translational understanding of the works on the material of the central translations for Russian postmodernism of the works of Benedict Erofeev and Sasha Sokolov. Based on the material of the most striking examples the author examines ways of transmitting such characteristic techniques as a combination of elements from different registers, as well as a sound wordplay, rhyming and rhythmization. The research was based on the translations and the stage adaptation of the poem Moscow-Petushki and the translation of the novel School for Fools. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author analyzes the Spanish translations of Russian literature in the linguopragmatic aspect and explains the nature of the translational transformations associated with the discrepancy between the linguistic pictures of the world. The analysis confirms the thesis that the main reason for all translational transformations is to assume the original genre setting and specific ideas about Russian literature of the second half of the 20th century.

Keywords: Sasha Sokolov, Venedict Yerofeyev, literary genre, Russian literature, Romance languages, translation studies, linguistics, Spanish Studies, postmodernism, idiolect

Abstract: Phraseological units convey their meanings through an unreal image and are of great interest to researchers because phraseological units have contradictory notions inside their structure as well as components that have a cultural importance. The author of the article analyzes means of creation of unreal phenomena by phraseological units with the somatic component. The author pays special attention to the role of somatism in the process of creation of an unreal phenomenon, phraseological activity of somatism and cultural specific features of such phraseological units in the Russian language. The author has used the classification and analogue methods which allowed to divide phraseological units into groups depending on the frequency of this or that somatism being used. The main approach to studying cultural specific features of phraseological units was the component analysis and determination of the cultural knowledge conveyed by the structure and vocabulary of phraseological units. As a result of the research, the author offers her own classification of means of creation of unreal phenomena by phraseological units using the somatic component. This allows to define the main patterns of phraseologization of these wordcombination as well as to describe somatisms that are most active in terms of phraseology and reflect cultural specific features. The results of the analysis demonstrate that cultural specific features of somatisms in the Russian language are caused by a specific attitude of a Russian to particular parts of the body. 

Keywords: cultural specific features, structure of idiom, unreal phenomenon, somatic component, somatism, phraseological unit, idiom, human, body, ways of forming

Abstract: The subject of the research is the attitude of married couples living in the cities of the Mari El Republic towards the Mari language, the place of the Mari language in the communication and values system of an urban family. The problem set by the authors is viewed taking into account the ethnofactor opposition between a mononational Mari family when both spouces identify themselves as Mari and multicultural family when one of the spouces of Mari and the other is Russian. The rationale of the research is caused by the need to study the modern sociolinguistic situation in polyethnic Russian Federation constituents and to define the role of national (regional) dialects. The research is based on the sociolinguistic data obtained in 2012 by the sociological department of Vasiliev Mari Research Institute of Language, Literature and History as a result of the survey dedicated to the topic 'The Language Situation in the Mari El Republic'. The research methods include statistical analysis, systematisation, analysis and generalisation. The author has also used the sociological tools such as random non-repetition quote sample, standard inteview, etc. The scientific novelty of the research is caused, first of all, by the empirical material that is introduced to the academic community for the first tijme, and, secondly, by the problems raised by the authors (communicative and values role of the Mari language in the minds of a modern urban family) that is viewed from the point of view of regional ethnosocial and sociolinguistic studies. The authors focus on the following questions that allow to define the attitude of spouces in the aforesaid two types of married urban couples towards the Mari language: recognition/denial of Mari as a native language, competence in Mari, concerns about the future of the Mari language, attitude to the status of the Mari language and its functions in the society, and prospects for developing Mari as a state language. The authors of the article prove the fact that mononational and multinational families have very different attitudes to the Mari language. Multicultural families tend to deny the ethnic importance of Mari which creates opportunities for their further language assimilation.

Keywords: multicultural family, mononational family, spouses, family, Mari language, sociolinguistic situation, modern period, city, Republic of Mari El, sociolinguistics

Abstract: The subject of the research is the foreign speech communication of Mari youth. The purpose of the article is to define the place of the Russian and English languages in the verbal communication of contemporary young people aged 15 - 29 years old, residing in the Republic of Mari El and identifying themselves as Mari. The rationale of the research problem is caused by the need to analyze today's sociolinguistic situation in polyethnic constituents of the Russian Federation and the role of state and foreign languages in these constituents. The topic is also important as part of studies devoted to the ethnocultural integration in a society. The empirical basis for the research is the sociolinguistic data obtained in 2012 by the Sociology Department of Mari Research Institute of Language, Literature and History named after V. Vasiliev in the process of the population survey devoted to the topic 'Linguistic Situation in the Republic of Mari El'. The research methods used by the authors include: statistical method, systematisation, analysis and generalisation. The authors have also used sociological tools such as random non-repeated quota sample, formal structured interview, etc. Sociolinguistic data used by the authros in their research are introduced in the academic literature for the first time and analyzed depending on respondents' places of residence (village/city) and educational background (secondary education/higher education or incomplete higher education). The research is focused on two questions that clarify the nature of the foreign speech communication of Mari youth. The first question is related to using non-ethnic (foreign) language in a situation of everyday communication (with their parents, hubands or wives, preschool or school age children). The second question is related to self-assessment of their verbal skills in relation to different kinds of speech activity (readiness for qualitative foreign communication). The authors of the article prove that Mari young people have a high level of linguocompetence in Russian and low level of linguocompetence in English. The Russian language is actively used by them in everyday life and often performs functions that could be performed by their ethnic language. 

Keywords: speech activity skills, linguocompetence, foreign speech communication, Mari, youth, Republic of Mari El, polyethnic region, English language, Russian language, sociolinguistics

Abstract: The subject of this research is the frequency of the lexical unit usage in the English-Language corpus of Raghu N. Mitra that was obtained through automated processing of the corpus with the program "WordSmith Tools". The object of the research is the English-language corpus of Raghu N. Mitra consisting of 414311 words. By the means of computer processing the author made a frequency list consisting of 50 units as well as compared the frequency of the semantic field usage of "Crime" according to the corpus of contemporary American English and author corpus of R. N. Mitra. The research methods used by the author included comparative, statistical and mathematical methods. The conversion of the text into the author corpus and its further processing were carried out using computer software. As a result of the study, the author English-language corpus was converted into the frequency list to compare this one with a frequency list of the corpus of contemporary American English and to carry out a critical analysis of the data. The novelty of this research is caused by the fact that the author attempts to conduct a quantitative analysis of the language corpus of American English of the early 21st century and comparative analysis of the results.

Keywords: Corpus of Contemporary American English, frequency, English fiction prose, WordSmith Tools, Raghu N. Mitra, author corpus, quantitative analysis, frequency list, comparative analysis of corpuses, linguostatistics

Abstract: Subject. The multi-component structure of concept NOBILITY / БЛАГОРОДСТВО in the English and Russian languages characterized by the presence of various groups of cognitive signs of the concept is the evidence of its importance in the culture of these nations. The study aims to define the nominative density of the concept NOBILITY / БЛАГОРОДСТВО in the English and Russian languages by the comparative analysis in diachrony makes it possible to determine the importance of the concept in the culture of the English and Russian ethnic groups and to identify the differences in the above mentioned linguistic cultures.Methods. The data for the study was obtained from the texts of contemporary English and Russian fiction writers with reference to the etymological and explanatory English and Russian dictionaries data. Text selection was carried out by continuous sampling. A wide range of methods and techniques for studying and modeling the concept was used: the method of etymological analysis, the method of analysis of dictionary definitions, method of semantic-component analysis, technique of continuous sampling, technique of contextual analysis method of linguistic description and observation method diachronic studies, comparative method, the method of statistical calculations. Topicality. Comparative analysis of the concept NOBILITY / БЛАГОРОДСТВО in diachrony revealed differences in its nominative density, which gives us the opportunity to talk about the specifics of the English and Russian national picture of the world and priority of certain concepts for the native speakers of these languages.Conclusions. The highest nominative density in the English linguistic culture has a cognitive feature of the concept that expresses high origin, belonging to a upper social class which is present in all synchronous periods of texts, whereas, in all investigated periods of Russian linguistic culture high frequency has a cognitive sign of the concept that expresses the high moral qualities and this indicates cultural differences in data of ethnic groups. The cognitive feature of the concept "high origin, class" in the Russian sphere of concept was erased with time, losing its cultural significance for the Russian language consciousness. In both nominative spheres of the concept the lowest density characterizes the cognitive features of external manifestations of nobility.

Keywords: concept sphere, feature of concept, Russian linguoculture, English linguoculture, culture, world image, specifics, nominative density of concept, concept, language consciousness

Abstract: The article is devoted to consideration of semantic genesis of the word ritter in the sredneverkhnenemetsky XII-XIII language of centuries. Semantic genesis of the word is analyzed by means of the appeal to German-speaking sources of the considered time period, and also to the latest developments of a modern German-speaking media studies. On the basis of the done analysis it is claimed that originally, in a German-speaking medieval universum, the word ritter had no general semantic connotations with widely known image of the noble soldier on a horse which completely are established only by the end of the XIII century. The leading method of research is the etymological analysis in its application to the XII-XIII Middle High German language of centuries. It is proved that the happened transformations of sense were caused by dialectic interrelation of two historical factors: first, growth of the feudal relations which promoted formation knights striations with self-understanding inherent in it and a self-name; secondly, "symbolical import" which was carried out by the German emperors from France as standard of the strong and independent royalty.

Keywords: word, knight, significatum, denotatum, Hohenstaufens, ritter, etymology, Middle High German, Middle Ages, chevalier

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes geographic terms and how these terms derived from names of places in the Zangezur Area of the Trans-Caucasian Region. There is an ethnic diversity in Zangezur and throughout Azerbajan in general which, of course, is reflected in names of places there. Toponymic terms of Turk origin are divided into two groups: 1) terms of ancient-Turk origin and 2) terms of Azerbajanian origin. These geographic names and terms are the most important evidence of the history of these territories. Ancient Turk roots in names of places in the Zangezur area prove that Turk ethnic groups used to live there even before Christ. Geographic names like that reflect history and geography of the country and therefore they prove that Turk tribes actually lived there. 

Keywords: Zangezur area, placename, name study