Abstract: The object of the study is the macroregion as one of the elements of the territorial management system, and its purpose is to identify the limitations and prospects for use in modern conditions of the zoning policy. Special attention is paid to determining the prerequisites for the successful implementation of this type of policy, carried out through the prism of an analysis of both Soviet and modern approaches to the allocation of macro-regions in the country's space. An important place in the conducted research is also occupied by the identification of a number of conceptual provisions that ensure the effectiveness of the implemented zoning policy, which makes it possible to use the results of the work carried out in the activities of authorities at various levels, which form and implement a system of measures aimed at ensuring the spatial development of the country and its individual territorial units. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a set of scientific ideas in the field of regional economics and public administration, and its methodological base includes methods of synthesis and scientific abstraction. As a result of the conducted research, a method of express analysis of the implemented zoning policy is proposed, based on the characteristics of the triad of components of its success: target setting, criteria, mechanisms for achieving goals. It is shown that in Soviet practice, all the elements of this triad can be considered clearly defined and interrelated with each other; in the case of federal districts, the triad is transformed: one of its elements falls out of the system, which, nevertheless, does not significantly affect the resulting effect. The analysis of the approach to the allocation of macroregions proposed in the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation is carried out, which allows us to conclude that each element of the triad "goal – criteria – mechanisms" of the emergence of macroregions can be seriously criticized, which causes the lack of influence of this process on the situation in the country. The possibility of using a project approach to the formation and development of macroregions in modern rapidly changing conditions, involving their consideration as temporary associations, the rules of functioning of which are subordinated to the achievement of a specific and ambitious goal, is substantiated. A number of conceptual provisions are characterized that ensure the success of the implemented zoning policy and are based on the need to pay attention to each element of the proposed triad.

Keywords: network structure, administrative-territorial division, project approach, inter-territorial interaction, federal district, territorial administration, spatial development policy, territorial development, zoning, macroregion

Abstract: The subject of this article is human potential, which is considered in the system of indicators of national wealth of the country in the context of transformation of the socio-economic system. The role of human potential in the system of indicators of national wealth is especially important in the context of transformation of the socio-economic system. The development of human potential contributes to the diversification of the economy, allowing the country to move from traditional industries to new, high-tech sectors. Human potential plays an important role in achieving sustainable development goals, since it contributes to a more rational use of resources and a more equitable distribution of benefits. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the role of human potential in the system of indicators of national wealth of the country in the context of transformation of the socio-economic system. The research methodology is based on the generalization of information on the topic under consideration from domestic and foreign sources of information. Using the comparative-descriptive method of research, the categories of "human capital", "human potential", "labor resources" were analyzed. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that human potential is considered as a phenomenon in the space-time continuum, which creates a fundamental opportunity for the accumulation of national wealth of the country in the context of changes in the socio-economic system. The article substantiates the fundamental role of human potential in the accumulation and increase of national wealth of the country, in the perspective of investments in human capital through qualifications and education, professional training, forming sustainable development and adaptability to changes in the economic environment.

Keywords: measurements of human potential, national wealth indicator, the role of human potential, system of indicators, components of human potential, the theory of national wealth, national wealth, human resources, human potential, human

Abstract: The subject of the research reflected in this article is the implementation of state policy in the field of healthcare in the region, which acts as a key factor determining the quality of life of the population. The object of the study is the health care system of the Lipetsk region and the peculiarities of the regional state policy in the field of health protection. The issues of improving the management of the healthcare system and the implemented state policy are becoming particularly relevant in view of overcoming the consequences of the pandemic and external challenges that have significantly affected this industry. The article reveals the features of theoretical and normative approaches to the essence of state policy in the field of healthcare. Special attention in the study is paid to the trends in the development of the health care system of the Lipetsk region, taking into account regional issues, and tools to improve its effectiveness. The scientific novelty and special contribution of the research lies in the systematic analysis of the results of the implementation of state policy in the field of healthcare in the region in the totality of its components: public health indicators (morbidity, mortality, life expectancy), staffing, digitalization of the industry and financial stability of the healthcare system. As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that the effectiveness of state policy was achieved through the implementation of a set of measures to improve the organizational processes of medical care, optimize personnel functions, strengthen the material and technical base, etc., which reduced the negative impact of problematic aspects for the health sector of the region and, as a result, will improve the quality of life of the population of the region.

Keywords: socio-economic sphere, people saving, health management, regional state policy, region, quality of life, health protection, healthcare system, regional development, state policy

Abstract: The subject of this study is digital communication of the Bank of Russia in social media. The relevance of the article is determined by the role and significance of modern digital communication channels in everyday life and the potential for their use in ongoing monetary policy. The authors systematize and summarize scientific articles devoted to the connection between effective communication and monetary policy pursued by central banks. The article notes that successful central bank communication should make monetary policy more predictable and market expectations about future rates more accurate. The purpose of the current article is to assess the readability of digital materials published by the Bank of Russia on official social networks and instant messengers. To assess the readability of digital publications, the authors identify two large audience groups: professional and non-professional. As a text analysis method, the authors rely on syntactic and lexical methods and use the Flesch-Kincaid index and Fog-Index as indicators of text readability. The authors presented the key channels and communication tools of central banks, and also highlighted the main channels of digital communication of the Bank of Russia: the Bank of Russia website, social media and the Bank of Russia application “Central Bank Online”. Each of the channels has both direct and indirect affiliation. The results of the direct affiliation channel of social media and the website emphasize the positive dynamics of readability indices – materials published on social networks by the Bank of Russia become clearer to a wider audience segment. However, most publications still require specialized training in economics and finance to fully understand the information. Thus, in communication on social networks, the Bank of Russia’s focus is on reaching a non-professional audience in order to increase transparency and the level of trust in its monetary policy.

Keywords: Flesch-Kincaid index, the Bank of Russia, central banks, messengers, text analysis, social media, digital communication, communication, monetary policy, Fog Index

Abstract: The subject of this study is to conduct a survey aimed at assessing the functioning and development of the Chinese gaming industry under the restrictions imposed by the Chinese regulator on this industry. Accordingly, the object of this study is the gaming industry of mainland China. The gaze, within the framework of this research, is directed specifically at the Chinese gaming industry, insofar as it is the Chinese market, within the Asia-Pacific region, that is the largest both in terms of "money" and in terms of the number of game users – gamers. Nevertheless, the Chinese gaming industry is the only market in the region (and in the world as a whole) that has been subject to various kinds of systemic restrictions and regulations for more than 20 years, since 2000. In fact, the Chinese gaming industry is a "testing ground", the study of which seems relevant in order to draw conclusions regarding the impact of restrictions imposed by states on creative industries, industries related to the production of content in general, and the gaming industry in particular. As part of the study, the segmentation and systematization of data related to the system restrictions imposed on the Chinese gaming industry was carried out. Also, an analysis of the dynamics of statistical data on key indicators of the functioning of the gaming industry was carried out. The scientific novelty of the work consists in an attempt to assess the potential impact of the introduction of certain restrictions imposed on the Chinese gaming industry on the key performance indicators of this industry. As part of the study, the primary conclusions concerning the possible negative impact of government restrictions imposed by the Chinese regulator on the Chinese gaming industry are presented.

Keywords: Neotechnonationalism, The development of the gaming industry, Content regulation, Censorship, Government restrictions, Political aspects, System limitations, China, The gaming industry, Economic development of the industry

Abstract: The relevance of this study is due to the fact that risk management is a task assigned to each region of the Russian Federation, which is of particular importance in modern conditions. On the one hand, this is due to the requirements of the global market, where innovation is a recognized tool for improving competitiveness, solving socio-economic problems of society. On the other hand, this is necessary due to the increasing distortions of key indicators of regional innovative development of the country, which requires taking measures to preserve the sustainable development of highly innovative territories and the intensification of laggards, taking into account the sectoral and other specifics of their functioning. The subject of the study is the mechanism of risk management based on the identification and classification of risks and opportunities of the eastern regions of Russia in ensuring effective innovative development. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the authors present the key directions for improving the risk management mechanism of the innovation space of the regions of Russia, taking into account the differentiation of the regional economic space in the direction of establishing a high-quality and sustainable system of interaction between objects and subjects of the innovation space based on the identified priorities.  Due to the fact that risk management of innovative development has been the object of research in domestic dissertations for more than 25 years, the question arose: what risks were identified, and recommendations for their solution were offered by the authors during this period ? How much has the set of analyzed risks and challenges changed (and has it changed) ? How has the content of the approaches and methods of risk management proposed for the activation of innovative development changed ? To answer these questions, more than 60 doctoral dissertations, defended over the past 25 years, devoted to risk management of innovative processes in the regions, were analyzed.

Keywords: Problems, challenges, methodology, efficiency, regions, risk management, classification, development, innovation, risk

Abstract: The subject of the article is the study of Adam Smith's conceptual ideas about uncertainty and security and their relationship. Methods of conceptual analysis are used in two versions. The presentist approach aims to interpret Smith's ideas about uncertainty in terms of modern concepts (fundamental and epistemological uncertainty and their forms). The antiquarian approach aims to explain the features of Smith's concepts in the context of the theological, philosophical ideas and methodological ideas he shared. The analysis is used in presentist and antiquarian variants. The first part of the article shows that Smith uses several concepts of uncertainty. One of them corresponds to the modern idea of epistemic uncertainty. Smith also develops an original concept of ambiguity, which, in the author's opinion, can be most constructively understood from the standpoint of a generalized version of Niels Bohr's principle of complementarity. However, in Smith's system this type of uncertainty is of fundamental importance and is associated with the feeling of sympathy. The third part of the article examines the influence of theological ideas on Smith's ideas about uncertainty. The peculiarities of scientists' interpretation of the uncertainty of the future are explored. The second part also examines selected conceptual relationships between uncertainty and security. In Smith's theoretical system, the reduction of uncertainty plays a special role in ensuring the long-term survival of society (ensuring security - in the presentist interpretation). Smith associates it with following the rules of the virtue of justice, which have the greatest certainty and, functioning like the rules of grammar, perform the function of creating order.

Keywords: system knowledge, sympathy, ambiguity, classical economic theory, complementarity principle, security, epistemological uncertainty, fundamental uncertainty, contextual knowledge, ergodic

Abstract: At the current stage of energy development, it seems that in the coming years, it is hydrocarbon energy that will form the basis of the world energy market. However, there are a number of global changes that inevitably affect the energy industry, among them are: a change in the technological chains of the energy complex, the persistence of the problems of traditional energy, an increase in energy demand, the high impact of emissions from the use of hydrocarbons on the climate, and many others. In this regard, solutions related to low-carbon energy, in particular solar, wind, hydropower and other renewable energy applications, are becoming increasingly important. A special place in this segment is occupied by low-carbon full-cycle energy, which is studied in the article. In particular, in Russia, full-cycle low-carbon energy appears to be a very important part of the development of the energy industry, as it can significantly reduce costs and negative externalities for the environment. In this regard, one of the objectives of the study is to analyze the current situation in the field of low-carbon energy in the Russian Federation, its regulation, as well as development prospects, taking into account the special role of the Russian Federation as one of the key exporters of traditional hydrocarbons.

Keywords: multilateral diplomacy, international relations, energy cycle, energy security, international energy, Russian energy, low-carbon energy, decarbonization, green energy, ecology

Abstract: The object of the study is the health care systems of the OECD countries. The subject of the study is voluntary health insurance in OECD countries. The purpose of the study is to identify trends and parameters for the development of voluntary health insurance in OECD countries. Within the framework of this scientific study, methods of data analysis and synthesis, their grouping and graphical interpretation were used. In the text of the article, the author points to the current trends and development parameters of voluntary health insurance in the OECD countries. Particular attention is paid to identifying countries with a high level of coverage of voluntary health insurance by the population, as well as assessing the socio-economic indicators of OECD countries in terms of levels of development of voluntary health insurance. The main conclusions of the study are related to the impact of the development of the voluntary health insurance system on the growth of life expectancy as one of the key components of the quality of life. A special scientific novelty is the obtained comparative grouping of countries depending on the level of development of voluntary medical insurance. Countries with a high level of voluntary health insurance coverage include Australia (54%), Canada (68%), Ireland (47%), Slovenia (89.8%). The results obtained in the course of the study are a good methodological basis for improving the healthcare system in the Russian Federation in the context of achieving the national development goals of our state until 2030, determined by the President of Russia in July 2020.

Keywords: voluntary health insurance, strategy, social protection, non-state social security, social security, national goals, medicine, health, population, medical care

Abstract: The subject of the study is the manifestations and perception of economic inequality of citizens in Russia. Economic inequality is one of the global problems of our time. In Russia, it has been at a consistently high level for 30 years. The task of smoothing the inequality of citizens in Russia has been set at the highest state level. Research interest in this regard is the manifestations and subjective assessment or perception by citizens of the degree of inequality, regardless of its calculated statistical indicators, as well as the ability of the state to smooth inequality and overcome poverty. The purpose of the study is to identify and evaluate the manifestations of economic inequality of citizens in Russia, as well as its perception based on the results of a sociological survey to determine the prospects for smoothing inequality. The scientific novelty consists in identifying the manifestations and assessing the perception of economic inequality by Russian citizens based on the interpretation of the results of a sociological survey, as well as in substantiating the aggravating effect of personal income tax deductions on inequality. With the acute perception of inequality and injustice in the distribution of income in Russia, there is no intensification of protest sentiments and the risks of threats to socio-economic stability are not realized. Manifestations of inequality of citizens are the need to save on food and consumer preferences, tourist activity, the availability of credit obligations, the use of medical and educational services, the demand for personal income tax deductions. The current bias in favor of investment and property deductions for personal income tax to the detriment of social and standard deductions does not allow realizing the potential of their smoothing effect on the inequality of citizens. Property and investment deductions used by more affluent citizens lower the average effective personal income tax rate for them at a level lower than that of poor citizens, which leads to regressive income taxation.

Keywords: Gini index, survey, poor, rich, consumption, tax deduction, personal income tax, monetary inequality, Inequality, smoothing

Abstract: The subject of the study is the search for the relationship between the provision of additional information by the client and the success of the transaction. The more information the client is willing to provide, the higher his interest in purchasing a product or service and the less likely it is to refuse after a preliminary agreement. Special attention is paid to the most common reasons for refusals, such as the inability to get through to the client, refusal dictated by close people, cases when the client changed his mind without explicitly stating the reason. Based on the methods of mathematical statistics, confirmations of the hypotheses put forward about the absence of a significant influence of the fact of providing additional contact information by the client on the outcome of transactions in general were obtained, but its significant influence in certain classes of refusals was confirmed. The importance of studying the model of making a purchase decision among the client's inner circle is substantiated. The novelty of the research lies in the detailed analysis of particular cases of failure and the mathematical justification of the hypotheses put forward. The main conclusion based on the results of the study is that additional information from the client is an intangible pledge that reinforces the desire to purchase a product or service. Additional information about another person indicates an evasion of responsibility or a hidden refusal. The results confirm the words said by psychologist Boris Mikhailovich Teplov that despite his individuality, a person is under the influence of society and acts in certain social conditions. It is necessary to analyze the client's refusal without interrupting the models of his interaction with other persons influencing the purchase decision.

Keywords: behavioral models, direct marketing, telemarketing, bounce analysis, sales psychology, negotiations, social psychology, sales research, bounce classes, value equation

Abstract: The speed with which marketing is developing and changing is a difficult task for both individual marketing specialists and companies that have to compete with each other and with the global market all the time. The Internet becomes the main platform here and provides an opportunity to search for effective channels of interaction with the consumer of services. Channels of interaction should be constantly improved, focusing on consumers, their behavior, lifestyle. Service providers need to search, analyze, introduce new Internet channels or improve old ones for business development. At the same time, the number of channels used may vary depending on the business area. The translation business is one of the representative examples, as it is focused not only on the local, but also on the global market. The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of Internet marketing channels by translation companies in the city of Krasnoyarsk, to identify their diversity and the possibility of application in other areas of services. The object of the study is the market of translation services in the city of Krasnoyarsk, and the subject is the use of Internet marketing channels. The results of the analysis are presented to the heads of translation companies to select the most productive Internet marketing channels to promote their services on the market.

Keywords: consumer, development, digital marketing, the company, internet marketing channels, Internet, business, translation services, market, internet marketing

Abstract: There is a rapid development of innovative technologies in the financial sector of the Russian economy. Innovative technologies influence both the development of individual segments of the financial sector of the economy, the formation and development of new products and services, and significantly affect the change and transformation of traditional business models of market participants. One of such changes can be called the transformation of the largest Russian commercial banks into digital banking ecosystems. The object of this article is the largest Russian commercial banks. The subject of the study is financial mechanisms, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the activities of the largest Russian commercial banks in the context of the formation of digital ecosystems in Russia. The purpose of the study is to analyze the conditions and methods of transformation of the largest Russian commercial banks into digital banking ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the works of Russian and foreign authors on the formation and development of digital ecosystems, the provision of financial services, and the digitalization of commercial banks were studied. Based on the statistical data of the Bank of Russia and the reports of commercial banks, the analysis of the current state of activity of the banks selected for analysis was carried out. The author's definition of the concept of digital banking ecosystem is given in the article. Four main areas in which a full-fledged digital banking ecosystem should meet the needs of its customers have been identified and studied. The main conclusion of this study is that the largest Russian commercial banks create digital banking ecosystems by buying companies from various sectors of the economy and developing their own structures. The main tasks of digital banking ecosystems are not only meeting the needs of customers in financial services, but also in such areas as entertainment, IT and daily needs. Thus, digital banking ecosystems are maximally aimed at attracting and further retaining customers within their services.

Keywords: ecosystem, commercial banks, financial services, financial sector, banking sector, fintech, banking ecosystem, digital banking ecosystem, financial technologies, digital ecosystem

Abstract: To date, such a task as improving state and municipal control in order to focus it on assessing the effectiveness of budget expenditures, increasing the manageability of financial flows, as well as ensuring control over purchases of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, is of particular importance. Thus, the object of this study is the activity of state bodies in the procurement system. Based on this, this article presents the current author's methodology for improving the state control of procurement activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The article uses general scientific methods and special methods of statistical analysis, first of all approaches and methods of system analysis and general theory of systems, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparisons and generalizations. The use of the presented research methods made it possible to analyze the existing methods of state control of procurement activities in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Ultimately, based on the research data obtained, the author developed his own methodology for state control of procurement activities in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which is most relevant today.

Keywords: departmental control, evaluation criteria, methods of control, efficiency of procurement activities, procurement activities, state control, public procurement system, the Interior Ministry system, monitoring, rating indicator

Abstract: The subject of the study is the economic attractiveness of the spheres of economic activity, which are considered in the article in the context of sections of the current classification of types of economic activity, while each section corresponds to a certain enlarged sphere. the purpose of the work is to assess the economic attractiveness of the spheres of economic activity of small enterprises according to statistical survey data. The paper verifies the scientific hypothesis that, based on official state statistics, it is possible to get an idea of the economic attractiveness of individual spheres of activity of small enterprises and, by comparing them with each other, to build a generalized rating of groups of economic sectors according to their attractiveness for small and micro enterprises. The article summarizes the definitions of economic and entrepreneurial attractiveness found in modern publications. The selection of indicators reflecting the economic attractiveness of the spheres of activity of small enterprises and available for calculation on the basis of available statistical data was made: capital return, revenue per employee, the level of wages of employees. A method of complex assessment is proposed and a ranking of the economic attractiveness of fields of activity for small enterprises is carried out using various methods of criteria convolution for the transition from a multi-criteria assessment to the construction of a rating. As a result of the research, the most attractive spheres of economic activity for small enterprises have been identified: trade, repair of vehicles, construction, information and communication technologies. It is proposed to take into account the results obtained when forming a small business development policy.

Keywords: the method of the sum of places, multi-criteria assessment, rating, statistical survey, small businesses, scope of economic activity, economic attractiveness, additive convolution, multiplicative convolution, distance method

Abstract: Technological development overall and support for high-tech areas of business one of the key segments of state policy of most of the world’s countries. At the same time, there is no uniform approach towards terminology and concept of the high-tech sector of the economy. The subject of this research is determination of the criteria that allow identifying the technological level of companies. The article employs the methods of content and bibliometric analysis, systematization and classification. Analysis is conducted on interpretation of the concepts of “technology” and “technology sector”, which reveals several approaches towards comprehension of the essence of these categories: instrumental, knowledge-based, performance, and business model. The conducted bibliometric analysis of the number of publications in leading Russian and international databases on the topics of “technology sector”, “technology companies”, “high-tech business”, “high-tech companies” and “information sector” indicates heightened interest in this topic. Examination of the experience of various countries, significant differences in identification of the technology sector are established. The author clarifies the direct and indirect criteria for classification of the companies as high-tech. Direct criteria included the use of high technologies in manufacturing and the production of high-tech products. The group of indirect criteria includes the intensity of costs for research and development, scientific content of products and production, involvement of highly competent personnel in business processes, and a short life cycle of the products.

Keywords: level of manufacturability, business model, technological development, technology sector, high-tech companies, technologies, knowledge-intensive products, high-tech products, short life cycle, R&D

Abstract: The study of social production and the problems of improving its efficiency traditionally hold one of the central places in the economic science. This article analyzes the essence of social production, as well as offers an original definition of social production as economic category. The object of this research is a set of economic ties and processes that are generally important for business entities in the conditions of functionality of the national economy. The subject of this research is the socioeconomic relations that arise in the process of social production and reproduction. Methodological framework is comprised of the fundamentals of systemic and comparative analysis, as well as methods of synthesis, induction and deduction. The scientific novelty lies in formulation of the conceptual approach towards determining the essence of social production as economic category using interdisciplinary analysis of its content within the framework of general sociological, socio-philosophical, and political-economic approaches. The similarities and differences of interpretation of social production in cognate disciplines are established. The author determines that social production is an independent subject of science only for the political economy. The tendencies towards narrowing down, as well as broadening the scope of interpretation of social production are outlined. The reasonableness of its identification with the concepts of “material production” and “direct production” is analyzed. The author provides the original definition of “social production” as economic category.

Keywords: production, relations of production, reproduction theory, material production, socio-economic system, social reproduction, social production, reproduction, economic category, economic theory

Abstract: This article substantiates social well-being of the population as one of the key indicators of socioeconomic inequality. The author advances a scientific idea is that the system of allocation of income and national wealth formed in the post-Soviet Russia, when excessive advantages of some (small social groups) are provided at the cost of limiting functional capabilities of others (larger social groups), which severely contradicts the basic principles of inclusive society and cannot be recognized as socially fair. The conducted analysis of the peculiarities of inequality in post-Soviet Russia describes it as “socially unfair” and excessive. Such inequality negatively affects social well-being of the individuals. It is demonstrated that excessive inequality, with characteristic massive poverty (absolute and relative), in the meta-space of social well-being of the population or the Russian Federation, the prevalent type of life realization of an individual is the “negative expectations”; most significant risk factors for the worsening of social well-being are moral and emotional state of society and some status characteristics of the individual (level of education, professional activity). Using cluster analysis, the author tests the hypothesis on the impact of excessive inequality upon the level of manifestation of deviant behavior of the people in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Recommendations are formulated on amending the redistributive policy of the government aimed at reduction of socioeconomic inequality and improvement pf social well-being of the population.

Keywords: crime, deviant behavior, fair inequality, type of life realization, social well-being, positional competition, excessive inequality, social policy of the state, great division, redistribution policy of the state

Abstract:   The relevance of this research is substantiated by the currently growing role of financial relations in the formation and execution of budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The formation and implementation of budgetary policy of the Russian Federation determines the economic and financial framework for functionality of the region and life of the society as a whole. The goal is to assess the factors contributing to the formation of regional budget of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The subject of this research is the revenues and expenditures of the budget of Khanty -Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. Practical importance of the conducted research lies in the obtained results that allow the regional budgets to choose the way for improving budget security. The information base is comprised of the scientific works of Russian and foreign authors, educational-methodological publications, materials of the scientific conferences dedicated to the formation of regional budgets, legislative and normative acts of the Russian Federation, reference materials of the Federal State Statistics Service Of the Russian Federation. The main conclusion consists in determination of the factors influencing the regional budget of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The author's special contribution lies in evaluation of the specificity of formation of budget of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, as well as the methods aimed at minimization of budget risks for solution of the regional budgetary problems. The formulated recommendations for increasing budget security would promote the innovative development and improvement of budgetary and tax relations of the regional budgets. The theoretical significance consists in advancement of the theory of regional economy. The acquired results can be applied in theoretical substantiation of the strategic tasks of managing regional budgets.  

Keywords: budget expenses, budget revenues, budgetary risks, factors, autonomous okrug, region, budget, indicators, assessment, measures

Abstract: This research is dedicated to the use of widespread static models for coordination of common and private interests to the conditions of municipal programs. The subject of this research is the coordination of interests of the parties to municipal-private partnership projects. The goal lies in application of the static models of coordination of common and private interests to the single-stage socioeconomic processes of implementation of municipal-private partnership projects. The research methodology is structured on the use of static models of coordination of public and private interests), taking into account the utilitarian function of social well-being, the mechanism of Nash equilibrium, and the index of systemic coordination. The author carries out modeling of the coordination of interests of the parties to municipal improvement projects in the city of Novocherkassk, interprets the variants of the use of the mechanism of proportionate distribution, economic regulation and administrative control in managing the implementation of the program. The acquired results find reflection in the municipal management pertinent to the arrangement of municipal-private partnership programs and coordination of interests of the parties. The novelty of this research consists in adaptation of the abstract models of coordination of interests to the tasks of municipal management, which significantly improve the efficiency of planning municipal programs. The conclusion is made on the effectiveness of such management mechanisms for the municipal program. Recommendations are given for coordination of interests of each party to the partnership.

Keywords: proportional distribution, municipal-private partnership, municipal program, system modelling, private interests, social interests, combining of interests, economical regulation, administrative standardization, Novocherkassk city

Abstract: The object of this research is the concept of restructuring, which in the conditions of crisis in the European Union is positioned as an instrument for its overcoming and the procedure for its verification by the auditor. The subject of this research is a range of question associated on the peculiarities of positioning of the concept of restructuring in the EU. The article analyzes the criteria for insolvency and tests for the presence of the signs of insolvency according to the national legislation of the EU jurisdiction based on the typical crisis process. The author introduces the definition of the concept of restructuring, its framework and elements. The recommendations of the European Commission on overcoming crisis situations and insolvency of companies are provided; the principles of preventive concept of restructuring are analyzed; the auditor’s procedures pertaining to the concept of restructuring are formulated. The research methodology relies on the fundamental provisions presented in the works of foreign scholars. The main conclusions are as follows: the responsibility of the corporate management in a number of EU member-states includes verification of compliance with the established criteria of insolvency on the regular basis; for this, it is necessary to submit the report to regulatory authorities on the current state of the company and decision on overcoming the crisis, usually in the form of the concept of restructuring approved by the auditor. The scientific novelty of this research consists in: 1) generalization of legal regulation of the criteria of insolvency in the EU member-states, tests for the presence of the signs of insolvency, responsibility of corporate management, outline of the restructuring plan; 2) positioning of the concept of restructuring, formulation of definition of the concept of restructuring, its framework and elements; 3) analysis of the principles of the preventive concept of restructuring of the European Commission; 4) development of audit procedures concerning the concept of restructuring.

Keywords: Audit procedures of concept, Standard IDW S, principles of reorganisation concept, Recommendation of European Union, content of reorganisation concept, reorganisation concept positioning, corporate crisis progress, tests for insolvency, criteria for insolvency, Reorganisation opinion

Abstract: The subject of this research is the economic relations arising in the context of implementation of modern technologies of precise husbandry and concentration of dairy production. The technologies of precision husbandry, which are based on the use of modern information technologies, gain popularity among the leading manufacturers. Dairy husbandry implements the automated herd management systems that collect information on the condition of each individual animal unit virtually in real time mode, which elevates the information support of managing production and technological process on a whole new level. Digitalization of the dairy husbandry industry and the processes of concentration of dairy production are closely related and require meticulous examination. The novelty of this research lies in studying the mutual influence of implementation of precision husbandry technologies and the processes of concentration of dairy production. The conclusion is made that the technologies of precision husbandry raise the upper limit of concentration in dairy husbandry, improve the manageability of production and technological processes, and ensure veterinary and ecological control. The article explores the impact of new technologies upon the processes of concentration of dairy production, substantiates the pattern of increase in the levels of concentration of dairy production, and demonstrates the unevenness of the levels of concentration of dairy production in the regions of the Russian Federation. The author provides the examples of the high levels of concentration of production in dairy husbandry with brief monographic descriptions, reflects the possible socioeconomic transformations in rural areas and structural shifts in the agrarian economy associated with the implementation of technologies of precision agriculture.

Keywords: rating, automated control, technology, precision animal husbandry, farm, milk, production size, concentration, economics, digital technologies

Abstract: The subject of this research is the measures for halting the flow of bribes (product of the number of bribes by the average value). One of the key factors of corruption rampant in modern Russia consists in the weak stimuli and absence of adequate motivation among the representatives of law enforcement agencies. The research was conducted using the methods of mathematical modeling, and is based on the assumption that penal sanctions are the only punishment intended for the official caught in the act of accepting the bribe. In order for the controller who imposes penalty not to have stimulus to accept a bribe from the official in the amount lower than the amount of penalty for concealing his offence, the penalty becomes the property of the controller in full. It is assumed that each of the parties aims for maximization of their net income. Conditions are established, under which the flow of bribes a) only increases, b) along with efforts of the controller, makes periodic fluctuations in time, c) monotonously tends to zero.

Keywords: probability of punishment, crime, mathematical model, penalties, punishment, stimulus, giving a bribe, Taking a bribe, expected punishment, amount of fine

Abstract: In the modern context, each country is interested in the new sources of economic growth. The authors believe that the source of economic growth can lie in the spatial factors of regional development – the so-called “growth poles”. This article discusses the Russian and foreign experience of using the growth poles to accelerate regional development. The subject of this research is the spatial-economic processes that take place in terms of implementation of the “growth pole” strategy in Russian and foreign practices. The object of this research is regions of the Russian Federation and regions of the foreign countries, in the territory of which the practice of “growth poles” development was implemented. The goal of this article is to present the regional projection of scientific foundation of growth pole theory relying on the works of leading scholars, as well as advanced national and foreign experience. The author’s special contribution consists in generalization of information pertaining to the use of the “growth pole” concept in the relevant strategic planning documents. The novelty lies in the hypothesis on classification of growth poles in Russian practice, the number of growth poles in the territory of the Russian Federation. The acquired results allow assessing the Russian and foreign experience in implementation of the growth pole theory, determining the factors and conditions for achieving the goals and objectives of the strategies of polarized regional development in the Russian Federation and foreign countries.

Keywords: economic space, foreign experience, region, classification, growth pole theory, development of territories, growth pole, economic growth, polarization, conditions

Abstract: This article is dedicated to a new trend in agriculture, such as the creative agriculture-based economy on a worldwide scale. The author reveals the prerequisites for the emergence of such economy. The general review is conducted on the variations of creative forms and industries in horticulture. Such trends as peony growing, biofuels, volcanic agriculture, and “Arctic cultivated garden” are the examples of this type of economy. The article draws attention to various types of cooperation, which leads to a positive result. Attention is given to the problematic components of creative agriculture-based economy. The conclusions are made on the fundamentals of creativity in agriculture for achieving positive results. The author’s main contribution consists in substantiation of the concept of creative agriculture-based economy, a new perspective on the creative economy. This article is first to view creative economy in agriculture, as well as to raise the problems of the creative agriculture-based economy and the need for regulation of this process. The foundation of creative agriculture-based economy consisting of the three equivalent platforms: knowledge, morality and creativity is explored. Agriculture is closely interrelated with the environment and food products; the quality of new products and services influences the quality of life, which is relevant worldwide.

Keywords: plant growing, economy, creative, volcanic agriculture, biofuels, peony growing, creative agricultural economy, Arctic cultivated garden, natural wealth, regulation

Abstract: In the article, by analyzing the provisions of economic science, the features of various models of the economy – socially oriented, "green", innovative, digital - are characterized, which made it possible to formulate advantages and disadvantages for economic agents in the transition to each. In most developments, the emphasis is placed on the positive aspects of replacing the general line of economic development, however, the unwillingness of an individual, society, state, and its structural units to reform can become a threat to the security of the territory's economy, provoking the emergence of its borderline states – conditionally safe, pseudo-safe, which grow into dangerous when ignored. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to clarify the attributes of the schemes listed above, which served as a justification for the need to switch to a multi-purpose geographically oriented economy model on the scale of the Russian Federation.The research was carried out using the following methods: general scientific – analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, which allowed to reveal the characteristic features of various economic models; private scientific – SWOT analysis, through which positive and negative consequences for economic entities were determined when choosing a new economic course. In the course of the study, the judgment about the ambiguity of the results of the introduction of a particular model of the economy is substantiated. The position is argued according to which the change of the vector of economic development in public legal entities of different levels should be implemented taking into account their internal potential, and neglect of its condition can cause the emergence of border states of the territory's economy on the basis of protection from negative activities - conditionally safe, pseudo–safe. In view of the high degree of differentiation of Russian regions, in order to avoid increasing imbalances, a model of a multi-purpose geographically-oriented economy is proposed, in the construction of which emphasis is placed on local features. The presented results are aimed at expanding the provisions of economic science. And the use of the author's approach to the restructuring of the economic model in relation to the subjects of the Russian Federation will minimize fruitless attempts to change the socio-economic guidelines of their development.

Keywords: economic pseudo-security, economic security, digital economy, green economy, the economics of innovation, socially-oriented economy, differentiation, region, state, multi-purpose geographically-oriented economy

Abstract: Renewable energy is developed only with appropriate state support. In the context of increasing environmental awareness, the need to reduce the carbon burden on the environment, and lower prices for renewable energy technologies, the lag in the level of use of renewable energy sources poses a threat to the development of countries within the framework of global trends. Despite the high availability of traditional energy sources in Russia, renewable energy has received state support. In Russia, there are various mechanisms of state support in the retail and wholesale electricity and capacity markets. The article examines the process of formation of the current mechanism of state support in the wholesale electricity and capacity market. В  The main stages and reasons for the formation of a system of support for renewable energy sources in Russia are highlighted. The effectiveness of the contract for the provision of capacities (PDM) as a mechanism for state support of renewable energy sources in Russia is analyzed. The relationship between the functioning of the mechanism of the renewable energy DPM and the increase in the level of competition in the renewable energy market is demonstrated. It is shown how the development of renewable energy in Russia can contribute to the development of related sectors of the economy. A comprehensive approach to the development of the industry within the framework of the renewable energy technology cluster in Russia is presented. The territories for which the development of renewable energy is especially relevant have been identified.

Keywords: energy, technology cluster, institutional environment, state support measures, green economy, RES, green energy, renewable energy, renewable energy sources, industrial cluster

Abstract: The goal of this research is the analysis of such phenomenon as economic nationalism. A detailed comparison is conducted between economic nationalism and other forms of government policy commonly used by the states for achieving their goals. Emphasis is made on prerequisites for the emergence of this trend in politics, among which the author determines political, cultural, economic and social. The article examines the basis of economic nationalism at different times and for countries with different government structures. The impact of economic nationalism on global world community at different stages of economic and political development is demonstrated. The conclusion is formulated on the meaning of economic nationalism for the global community based on the obtained results. At the time its emergence, this structure contributed to strengthening of the local economy. In the modern era of militarism and globalization, the economic nationalism, if not being controlled, is dangerous and deprives others of the right to financial wealth, aims to minimize wealth of the nation at the cost of other counties, and incites the application of force for achieving national goals.

Keywords: Policy, Economic relations, Globalization, Concept, Economic policy, Economic theory, Economic nationalism, Economy, Economic security, International contacts

Abstract: Digital economy is a natural stage of development of economic system, in which the main values of economic actors consist in the knowledge and nonmaterial production. Within scientific literature prevail research of the impact of separate aspects of digital transformation upon the activity of tourism agencies and development of vacation destinations, namely the use of digital booking platforms, augmented reality in museums and exhibitions, as well as the Internet of things. However, interrelation of these vectors of development in the process of digital transformation, as well as the mechanisms of its management applicable to the sphere of tourism and Russian economy are studied insufficiently. The subject of this research is the economy and management of a separate tourism agency and the entire industry. The goal of this work consists in conducting a comprehensive research of Russian and foreign literature on the topic of methodology for managing digital transformation in different economic sectors; as well as determination of distinct characteristic of managing digital transformations in tourism sphere and the factors affecting this process. The author applies comparative analysis of literary sources and experience of managing digital transformation through implementation of digital platforms. The introduction of platform approach in management of digital transformation substantiated the transition towards network service interaction (versus traditional cooperation) as the backbone of the economy. Digital transformation of the entire economic sector requires close collaboration of economic actors within the framework of a region or a country. A conclusion is made the most appropriate model of the development of tourism sector of the economy is the ecosystem of digital platforms. Due to its peculiarities, tourism sphere can become a favorable platform for approbation of management techniques of digital transformation, functionality of regional digital platforms and system integrators.

Keywords: development strategies, digital ecosystem, tourist destination, management, digital platforms, digital transformation, tourism, digital economy, servicisation, business-model

Abstract: The subject of this research is the barriers that must be overcome by a collective of individual for the effective use of their self-governance and self-organization resources. Until the moment when Elinor Ostrom was awarded with the Nobel Prize, the majority of economists and politicians were assured that a collective is incapable of managing the common resource effectively. Most popular opinion was reflected in a metaphor: the tragedy of communities. This opinion was traced by an  entire number of theoretical models and concepts. Due to high incidence of pessimistic view, the corresponding issues were considered resolved, and thus, were displaced to the periphery of economic science. The falseness of such views was established in the course of field and experimental research of E. Ostrom. This article analyzes the factors that served as the foundation for formation of pessimistic views upon ability of the collective to efficient management of common resource. On the reasons consists in inappropriate identification of the regime of open accesses with communal property. Another one – in the axiom on the inability of a collective, which members pursue egoistic intentions, to efficient usage of common resource in the regime of self-governance and self-organization. These prerequisites led to a conclusion on the need for privatization or nationalization of such resource. The goal of this work consists in theoretical analysis of such opportunities that allow a collective to successfully resolve the faced social dilemmas, when each of them tries to achieve a maximal individual profit.  

Keywords: Pareto efficiency, asset specificity, transaction costs, opportunistic behavior, free-rider problem, coordination, optimum, Nash equilibrium, specific investments, collective actions

Abstract: The subject of this research is the barriers that must be overcome by a collective of individual for the effective use of their self-governance and self-organization resources. It is assumed that members of the collective are capable to jointly create an additional cost by making individual efforts. Value of the expected gross income increases with the efforts put by each agent, and subordinated to the law of diminishing returns. The goal of each member of the collective consists in maximization of the own individual profit. Within the framework of mathematical modeling, it is demonstrated that in the regime of independent choice of the volume of applied effort, the agents achieve outcome that is the equilibrium by Nash, but inefficient by Pareto. Each member of the collective due to their egoistic intentions is interested in applying the limited amount of efforts that meet the maximum of his individual profit, but all his partners should apply as much efforts as possible. Overcoming of ineffective equilibrium requires coordination of efforts invested by all members of the collective. As follows from the model, the main obstacles on the way to effective usage of human resources by a collective in the regime of self-organization and self-governance is a post-contractual opportunism in form of shirking. The free-rider problem and motivation to opportunistic behavior are generated by the desire of each member of the collective to maximization of their own individual profit in the conditions of force of the law of diminishing returns.

Keywords: opportunistic behavior, free-rider problem, coordination, optimum, Pareto efficiency, Nash equilibrium, transaction costs, specific investments, collective actions, the law of diminishing returns

Abstract: This article examines the fundamental approaches towards the problem of international economic security in the developed and developing countries. In each group of the countries prevail the own methodological approaches that depend on civilizational peculiarities and historical experience of a certain country. The goal consists in examination of the key aspect of the problem of conceptualization of international economic security in terms of the clash of civilizations. The author explores various theoretical approaches towards understanding of international economic security; determines the elements of international economic security; indicates the ways for retention and strengthening of international economic security. The article describes the paramount elements of international economic security: need for ensuring sovereignty of the countries; strive towards the absence of exclusive priority in economic development of separate countries or civilizational unions; responsibility of the economically developed countries to the global community for the consequences of implemented by them economic policy; realization of mutually beneficial cooperation of all countries of the global community and peaceful regulation of economic issues; consideration of global problems of the humanity in carrying out the economic security policy; orientation towards free choice of economic paradigm and implementation of own strategy of the political and socioeconomic development by each country.

Keywords: the clash of civilizations, globalization, economy, international economic security, international security, security, international law, geopolitics, foreign policy, economic security

Abstract: The subject of this research is opportunities for effective use of human capital members of the collective in the conditions of self-governance and self-organization resources. It is assumed that members of the collective are capable to jointly create an additional cost by making individual efforts. Value of the expected gross income increases with the efforts put by each agent, and subordinated to the law of diminishing returns. The goal of each member of the collective consists in maximization of the own individual profit. Overcoming ineffective equilibrium faced by the collective as a result of independent choice of amount of effort applied by the members, and achievement of Pareto-preferred outcome requires corresponding coordination of collective actions. The key goal of coordination consists in overcoming opportunistic behaviors in form of shirking and such setting of incentive system that would results in application of optimal efforts by all members of the collective. Within the framework of mathematical model structured on the general principles, the author determines the essential conditions for achieving this goal. One of them dictates a corresponding strategy, another one – formulates the ex post rule of distribution of value of the expected gross income, perceived by all members of the collective as ex ante. According to this rule, the portion of each member of the collective in gross income must be equal his portion of efforts. Acceptance of this rule allows implementing a strategy, which motivates each member of the collective to apply efforts that would meet the maximal combined profit.

Keywords: optimum, coordination, transaction costs, opportunistic behavior, Nash equilibrium, free-rider problem, Pareto efficiency, specific investments, collective actions, the law of diminishing returns

Abstract: The subject of this research is opportunities for effective use of human capital members of the collective in the conditions of self-governance and self-organization resources. It is assumed that members of the collective are capable to jointly create an additional cost by making individual efforts. Value of the expected gross income increases with the efforts put by each agent, and subordinated to the law of diminishing returns. The goal of each member of the collective consists in maximization of the own individual profit. Achievement of the socially optimal level of applied efforts requires coordination of actions based on the high level of trust between all members of the collective. Within the framework of mathematical model, it is demonstrated that the lack of trust to some extent can be compensated by the incentives based on the use of violence potential. Most successful implementation of such type of incentives is possible only in the relatively small collectives in the conditions of inevitability of punishment for violation, and cautions use of force. In large collectives, a low probability of punishment for violence turns out either in low significance of the expected punishment, or extremely high meaning of nominal punishment. In first instance, a threat of punishment can play a role of a constraining factor; while on the other instances – lead to a stiff punishment that may reduce the usefulness of a violator to an extremely low level. Therefore, the achieved by the collective result can be incomparable by Pareto even with Nash equilibrium.

Keywords: optimum, violence potential, negative incentives, Pareto efficiency, Nash equilibrium, the law of diminishing returns, specific investments, collective actions, free rider problem, opportunistic behavior

Abstract: This article explores the bases for existence of not only the industrial-technological complex, encompassing workforce with means of production, but also various forms of industrial organization, evolution and peculiarities of which are defined by specialization, cooperation, concentration, combination, as well as development of integration, clusterization, externalization, and diversification of production – means that allow in a new way exchange resources within an industrial system. One of such forms is the industrial parks, which are the object of this research. The article tackles a scientific task that consists in formation of theoretical positions that in a new way reveal the essence of the industrial park as a form of industrial organization, as well as substantiation of the place and role of industrial parks in evolution of the forms of industrial organization. The author formulates number of positions that can serve as the base for structuring and developing a system of knowledge on economic essence of the industrial parks. The original interpretation of the term “industrial park” is proposed, which underlines the key peculiarities of this form of industrial organization.

Keywords: diversification, clustering, development process, form of production organization, form of industrial organization, industrial organization, industrial park, industry, production network, company interaction

Abstract: The subject of this research is the generated by economic system positive and negative externalities and possibility of their account on the basis of innovative technologies. Currently, we can observe escalation of problems associated with the need for minimization of negative externalities, which create global risks for the world economic system. Most severe risks relate to ensuring sustainability of financial system, environmental pollution, climatic changes, and outbreak of new deadly diseases. Therefore, there is a need for implementation of the element of circular economy based on non-waste technologies that allow minimizing the negative externalities. The novelty of this study consists in demonstration of the possibility of using blockchain technologies for building a system of accounting positive and negative externalities generated within the economic system. Tokenization on the blockchain platform creates a possibility for formation of the indicated mechanism. The system of tokenization of externalities includes: a) formulation of target behavior of economic agents; b) creation of blockchain platform ensuring emission of tokens; c) determination of the exchange rate of tokens by economic agents for economic incentives; d) performance assessment of economic agents of reduction of negative externalities and increase of positive externalities. The emitted within the framework of blockchain platform of national project tokens would be distributed among the participants of national project, including enterprises, regional and local authorities, activists among the population, initiative groups, thus forming a flexible system of reinforcement of actors. Use of the described model of tokenization of externalities turns these projects transparent for the population and makes them the full-fledged members of an expert community that assesses the level of externalities and their minimization on the basis of tokens economy.

Keywords: national project, ecology, E-Democracy, Internet of Things, sustainable development, token, blockchain, externality, Coase, Pigou

Abstract: The subject of this research is the model of business development that describes the dependence of ongoing volume of production from previous investments and intensity of wear of production capacities. The investment process is characterized by a delay between the moment of investment, actual return and its continuation, gradual decrease in the level of return, and discreetness of investments. In the process of modeling, discrete investment were replaced by an integral, which leads to integral-differential equation, and in terms of facile assumption to the linear standard differential equation of second order or their system, solved by the disharmonious fluctuations on the background of an aperiodic trend. As the method of analysis of correspondence of the model data with the actual dynamics of business development, the research utilizes computational solution of the emerging differential equations. Comparison of the model data with the known statistics reveals their adequacy to the current economic processes. Statistical data contains noise component, which consists of various economic and political factors and principally limits the precision of forecasting. Differences in the length of fluctuation periods by industries impedes analysis of the economic behavior as a whole. At the same time, forecast of crisis phenomena that emerge in superposition of the phases of industry fluctuations can be executed with sufficient level of precision.

Keywords: delayed systems, business cycles, investments, stochastic process, time series, economic dynamics, math modeling, trend, almost periodic fluctuations, noisy data

Abstract: Ubiquitous implementation of the modern technologies of digital economy allows eliminating a number of barriers that impede the growth of economic activity of economic actors, as well as decreasing high transaction expenses that hinder interaction between the participants of economic processes. The article examines the questions of creation of the information analytical platform for big data collection and processing for the purpose of researching the innovative development processes of the regional economic agents on the basis of convergent approach. The platform is intended for modular integration of instrumental means that resolve the tasks of searching, collection, processing and upload of data for intellectual analysis of the indicators of innovative activity of enterprises. The results of intellectual analysis are used for the assessment and forecast modelling of the dynamics of integral criteria of the regional innovative development, identification of innovative leaders, comparative benchmarking analysis between economic agents and leaders, synthesis of cybersocial strategies for managing the mechanisms of innovative development and formulation of recommendations on enhancing the efficiency of innovative activity of enterprises. The authors conduct the analysis of convergent and hyper-convergent systems, as well as substantiate the need for creation of the convergent platform for collection and analytical processing of big data regarding the innovations and innovative enterprises in the regions. The authors propose the principles of structuring the dataflow architecture of data integration system for solving the tasks of searching, parallel processing and upload of information onto cloud storage and distributed register. The key components of the convergent information analytical platform are being reviewed.

Keywords: Big Data, intellectual analysis, convergent platform, convergence, syber-social system, digitalization, innovation, innovation system, regional system, transaction costs

Abstract: There are currently 33 universities functioning across 32 regions of the Russian Federation that received the status of “flagship university”. Under the current circumstances, there is a need to define the internal and external factor of development of the flagship universities that directly impact the expansion of education exports. The key internal condition for development of flagship universities consists in modernization of educational and research activity. The article is dedicated to the analysis of modernization and transformation processes of flagship universities of the Russian Federation in the context of efficiency assessment of the development programs and correspondence of the system national higher education to the current trends of development. The article explores the following issues: prerequisites for implementation of the national initiative “Education Development”; evaluation of the dynamics of the national university ratings formed by the Interfax International Information Group, including a number of private ratings; assessment of the efficiency of international activity of the flagship universities by data of efficiency monitoring of universities carried out by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The article contains arguments supporting the adjustment of the development programs of flagship universities for the purpose of ensuring better participation in the implementation of the “Education Development” national initiative, as well as the composition of strategic projects of flagship universities for solution of tasks of the federal project “Increasing Competitiveness of the Russian Higher Education” contained therein.

Keywords: trends in education, region, National project, development program, transformation, modernization, innovation, Flagship university, educational program, regional development

Abstract: Assessment of the state of agriculture in the Republic of Kalmykia. The author examines key trends in the development of agriculture in the region. The analysis of statistical data  is structured on comparison of the indicators of pre-reform period and recent years. The region actively develops animal husbandry, thus the livestock indicators exceed such of the pre-reform period, sheep and goat population is steadily increases. Special attention is given to assessment of the state of agriculture by the rural residents of Kalmykia based on sociological survey. The survey results demonstrate that the rural residents assess the state of agriculture in the region as “satisfactory” or “poor”. The research is structured on the analysis of statistical data of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, generalization of statistical material, secondary analysis of modern studies dedicated to the problem of agricultural development in the Republic of Kalmykia, as well as the author’s original sociological research. The scientific novelty consists in the ratio between assessment of the state of agriculture by economic indicators and representations of rural population on the development of agriculture in the region. The comparison of statistical data and survey results allows concluding on the various assessment of the state of agriculture in the Republic of Kalmykia.

Keywords: rural population, state of agriculture, sown area, number of animals, agricultural land, crop production, livestock, agriculture, village, problem of region

Abstract: The subject of this research is the reputation economy that represents a combination of social sciences studying distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services as a result of formation of the positive reputation of economic agents within the global information space based on the system of “social proofs” affecting the development of cooperation ties, as well as providing them with the additional economic and social profit. The attention is focused on the formulation, explanation and substantial-functional characteristics of the conceptual-categorical apparatus, which reveals the distinct features of such terms as “economy”, “reputation economy” and “regional reputation economy”. Practice and empirical observations demonstrate that reputation activity of the economic agents forms a range of the prospects of their development. Therefore, reputation is highly important and receives widespread attention in the scientific research field. However, despite its popularization, the theory of reputation economy has yet not received due development and attention, which significantly limits the research paradigm based on studying the nonmaterial factors of production within the system of regional economic development or national economic systems overall. In this regard, an important mission in the development of economic science consists in devising of the concept and methodology of the theory of reputation economy applicable to the economic systems. This suggests the formulation and substantiation of a complex of theoretical considerations, as well as the development of the conceptual-categorical apparatus. This article is dedicated to partial solution of these questions.

Keywords: reputatsionney price, reputation margin, intangible assets, reputation expenses, reputation resources, conceptual and categorial device, reputation economy, reputation capital, reputation, economic dynamics

Abstract: Based on the analysis of scientific articles and publications in business press, the author explores foreign experience in development of infrastructural support system in France, Germany, United Kingdom and Japan; as well as highlights the key elements that allow adjusting to the changing market conditions more efficiently and timely adapt the support system for reaching peak efficiency. The article reviews the historical milestones in the development of small business sector during the mid XX century along with the peculiarities of modern solutions implemented in the foreign infrastructural support systems. The main research results consists in conducting analytical comparison between the diverse methods of organization and management of infrastructural support and development of small and medium business in four countries with the developed economy that have ample experience in the development of small business sector, with further formulation of the key conclusions and recommended best practices for the Russian market.

Keywords: economic policy, UK, Japan, Germany, France, infrastructure support, small business, SME, economic strategy, adaptive system

Abstract: The subject of this research is the problems of combating corruption crimes in modern Russia. The article analyzes certain measures essential for significant lowering of the current level of corruption, as well as reducing the negative impact of business corruption on the economy and society. The author challenges the popular social views, according to which the successful deterrence of corruption requires severe punitive measures, including death penalty. Special attention is given to the analysis of factors, which lead to the loss of deterrent effect of punishment. The research uses an economic approach towards crimes and penalties. Based on the obtained estimates of the expected penalty for corruption, the author demonstrates that the typical for the Russian law enforcement practice ultralow value of probability of penalty for an offence deprives the penalty of any deterrent effect. The author acquires a quantitative assessment of such threshold value of probability of penalty for corruption, the overcoming of which would allow restoring the deterrent effect of penalty and successfully reduce the number of corresponding offences. It is concluded that even the repeated reduction of the number of corruption offences, accepted by the society as great breakthrough in combating corruption, can be achieved solely by petty corruption. In such case, the total annual volume of bribes will drop by just few percentage points, which reflect in continuous negative impact of corruption on the economy. Therefore, the process of increasing the likelihood of penalty for corruption offences should certainly be accompanied by decisive measures of the government aimed at gradual revocation of the immunity the officials currently possess.

Keywords: Economic approaches, Corruption offences, Business corruption, Petty corruption, Likelihood of penalty, Severity of penalty, Deterrent effect, Immunity, Bribe, Latency

Abstract: The subject of this article (conducted on the basis of the results of research work on the topic "Economic and legal aspects of Russia’s foreign trade activities since the early XX century: past, present, and prospects") is the foreign trade of Russia for the period from the early XX century to the present day. The article analyzes the dynamics of export in value and weight terms (based on the primary statistical data). The author describes the moments of imbalance in commodity structure of the Russian (Soviet) foreign trade during the reporting period. The main conclusion consists in the substantiation of thesis on the imbalance in the structure of the Russian foreign trade based upon the analysis of statistical data. It is demonstrated that at various historical periods, the country always featured a product (or a certain group of products) that accounted for a “lion’s share” in the total export value. Unfortunately, since the beginning of the XX century up to the present, this refers only to the raw materials. The author provides a brief analysis on the existing programs aimed at structural changes in commodity composition of the Russian export.

Keywords: Foreign trade policy, Foreign trade statistics, Export of grain, Export of oil, Export of raw materials, Foreign trade, Export, Commodity group, Price conditions, Development of foreign trade

Abstract: The subject of this research is the independent assessment of education quality. The issue is that the Law on Education determines such assessment as external, which creates certain difficulties of its implementation namely in the sphere of higher education. At the same time, the government recommends the educational organizations to form the mechanisms of internal independent assessment of education quality. The conducted in 2017 nationwide monitoring of the methods of internal assessment demonstrated that only 19% of universities have internal local documents for regulating such assessment. The authors classify the types of internal independent assessment of education quality according to its object, character, forms of results representation, and level experts’ participation. The article describes the specific assessment tools, as well as provides the general regulation of internal assessment. The conclusion is made on its key features, factors of efficiency, and relation to external assessment.

Keywords: interaction with employers, procedures to evaluate, assessment tool, type of assessment, internal independent assessment, quality of education, higher education, engaging experts, student government, student portfolio

Abstract: This article reviews various approaches towards the definition of “rural territory”, as well as describes problems of the development of rural territories in Zabaykalsky Krai. Analyzing the multiple definitions of the term “rural territory”, the author concludes that its includes such aspects as the territorial boundaries, availability of cheap workforce, supplier of agricultural raw materials, responsibility of local authorities for the quality of life in the region. The author believes that the variety of approaches alongside the absence of legislative recognition of the definition of “rural territory” is a stumbling block in the activity of governing bodies and advancement of economic, social, environmental, and other activity spheres of rural territories. Leaning on the statistical and sociological results, the author analyzes the dynamics of social wellbeing indicators of the rural population of Zabaykalsky Krai: wages and incomes, social structure, state of social infrastructure. Generalizing the national and foreign experience, the author notes that the priority vector of state policy is the set of measures on incentivizing food production, ensuring food security in the border region, creation of the diversified and multi-structured rural economy. Controversial is the question of the criteria, indicators, and threats to security allowing to assess potential of the region within the framework of the monitoring of food security with consideration of regional peculiarities.  

Keywords: subsistence, food security, social infrastructure, salary, rural poverty, Zabaikalsky Krai, rural population, rural territory, state of health, life expectancy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the assessment of the skill level of workers in the intellectual professions using integrated assessment technologies, the distinguishing feature of which can be defined as the possibility of aggregating an unlimited number of heterogeneous factors significant for the employer. The main problem is described by the absence of a unified system for assessing the level of qualification with an "exit" to a complex coefficient, used for further normalization of labor and the definition of norms. The urgency of this issue is primarily defined by the problem that has arisen in practice – lack of the possibility of an adequate comparison of the level of complexity of the work performed by the specialists. The authors consider in detail the possibilities of applying modern mathematical tools for the purpose of forming a single coefficient that reflects the level of qualifications of employees. A lot of attention is paid to the issues of system flexibility and the possibilities of its adaptation for the activity of enterprises in various economic spheres. The proposed system is based on modern technology of integrated assessment, based on tree criteria and folding matrices. Advantages of the application of this system can determine the ability to take into account the inorganic number of factors in assessing the level of qualifications, as well as the formation of a single assessment, which allows comparing and ranking the staffing. An undeniable and significant advantage is the addition of the system with the "Active Expertise" tool, which allows the implementation of expert assessments while reducing the degree of manipulation with the result of individual experts. The novelty of the work is determined by the use of the specified tools, technologies and algorithms in the sphere, where previously it was not found. At the same time, the management of the staff of intellectual workers has a separate significance, since it is very problematic to normalize the number of employees in this category. The use of the aggregate assessment integrated into the work-time evaluation systems, in conjunction with the system for assessing the complexity of the work, makes it possible to compare the available volumes with the assessment of the level of labor and the required employment. This material is a logical continuation of methodological developments related to the assessment of the complexity of work and the definition of labor for their implementation. It is noteworthy that for the purposes of correlating the models of assessing the complexity of work and the skills of specialists, similar methods and tools are used, which makes it possible to further emphasize the justification of the technologies used.

Keywords: integrated assessment, modeling, qualification levels, the complexity of factors, time-consuming work, business process management, active expertise, labor efficiency, intellectual professions, rationing

Abstract: This article examines the fundamental categories of targeted activity, including subjectivity and performance applicable to the modern space activities, as well as discusses the problematic questions of generation public good in the activity of hybrid corporate-public actors. This work is aimed at developing theoretical grounds for institutional projecting and organizational structuring in the area of space activities pertaining to space research and exploration, as well as elaborating alternate versions of organizational design that would ensure efficiency of such efforts with consideration of current institutional trajectory. The methodological base consists primarily of the principle of methodological individualism, viewed from the perspective the impact upon the targeted work of the researchers, explorer, and applied use of space, as well as analysis of results of the work using the value chains. The article also uses the general approaches towards analyzing the inter-sectoral cooperation in economics, as well as the theories of public good. The scientific novelty is defined by the identification of the peculiarities of application of the principles of targeted work by the members of space activities pertaining to state and private sectors; conducted analysis of emergence of specific public good in this sphere; peculiarities of the work of particular corporate-public actors and risks of emergence of institutional traps; proposed versions of organizational arrangement of the tasks of generating public good in the area of space activities. The main conclusion lies in the need for special organizational arrangement of this vector of space activities in terms of the work of hybrid corporate-public actors.

Keywords: Private good, Public good, Institutional trap, Value chains, Space exploration, Space research, Space activities, Intersectoral relationship, Corporate / Public actor, Virtual actor

Abstract: This article considers the approach to management of counteraction of external threats and challenges on the basis of standard management. Under the standard management the authors imply the formation of the system of management based on application of managerial standards. The approach to corporate management using the requirements of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is examined. The new version of the standard (2015) recommends the formation of risk-oriented approach that, along with the other objectives, allows ensuring management of external threats and challenges. It is demonstrated that the management tool for external threats and challenges, in line with the requirements and terms of the indicated standards, can become the creation of the system of risk management in accordance with the risk-oriented managerial mindset. Such system as a part of the system of quality control system of an organization includes the components, functions, and stages recommended by the ISO new generation standard. The authors review the experience in application of such approach by the machine-building enterprises; generalize feasibility of the originally developed documentation of risk analysis for the more efficient process management on the basis of risk management. It is concluded that such approach can be implemented in virtually any organization in the conditions of the standard management.  

Keywords: risk management, infrastructure, risk management system, risk-based thinking, Quality Management System, standard management, external threats, document analysis, risk identification documentation, risk map

Abstract: This article examines the questions of state regulation and support of industrial parks as the growth drivers of regional industry. In the Sverdlovsk Region, due to the unresolved institutional-transformational and infrastructural problems, the industrial parks did not receive proper development; therefore, this topic gains special relevance. The author explores the following issues regarding the regulatory function of state institution in development of industrial parks: 1) deformation and ambiguity of institutional conditions, absence of regional legal and methodological framework for the development of cluster enterprises; 2) use of evaluation technique of the effect rather than effectiveness of tax preferences; 3) disjoint regulation of the activity of park structures by several ministries, etc. The goal of this research lies in determination and analysis of the functional problems of state institution in the area of regulation and support of innovative economic development of the industrial parks of Sverdlovsk Region, as well as formulation of recommendations on their improvement. As a practical solution, the author suggests to create the regional program for strategic development of industrial clusters; apply evaluation technique of the effectiveness of subsidies that is based on commensuration of the effect and costs, and implies the account of changes of wide variety of economic indexes; demarcate the authority for regulating the activity of industrial parks among the ministries; as well as makes recommendations on solution of the tasks on regional strategic development.

Keywords: industry, innovative development, institutional issues, institutions, government regulation, development of industrial parks, industrial policy, competitiveness, network organizations, Sverdlovsk region

Abstract: The subject of this research is the process of creating a work plan using the methods of bottom-up and top-down analysis. The authors based upon the hypothesis that every point of planning by the executive and planner is perceived either as a reference to a known algorithm of actions, or as a goal setting for work without concretization of means of achieving it. The goal is being viewed as a system of example models of results meant for planning and assessment of adequacy of results, both planned and achieved. The research carries a theoretical character and employs results of research in the area of management, modeling theory of Y. B. Melnikov, which is based on formal-constructive interpretation of the model and analysis of management decisionmaking process. Authors examine the process of transformation of the original plan, consisting of a single point (formulation of goal), towards a plan of which all main points are perceived by the executive as references to known to him algorithms of actions. The authors’ original interpretation of the methods of bottom-up and top-down analysis is schematically illustrated by the examples from the taxation practice.

Keywords: the adequacy of the model, theory of modeling, algebraic approach, aim of activity, strategy of activity, plan of activity, top-down analysis, bottom-up analysis, the theory of adequacy, the reference model of the result

Abstract: This research includes carrying out the analysis and an assessment of regional inequality of social and economic development of Russia. The special attention is paid to the period of transformation of the economic system. The author in meticulously considers such aspects as definition of influence of structural changes in the economy on the level of regional development. The main objective of this research is to analyze the interregional differentiation of the Russian regions, and examine the tendencies and prospects of their convergence. The object of this research are regions of the Russian Federation, which have different economic potential and are respectively characterized by various level of regional development. The subject of this research is differentiation of social and economic development of these territories. In course of this research, the methods and tools used when modeling σ – convergences and β-convergences were applied. Within the analysis of dynamics of interregional distinctions of the Russian regions on GRP indicator per capita, the main indicator is considered in the current and comparable prices. Scientific novelty lies in the research and comparison of the economic indicators characterizing territorial development. The carried-out analysis of signs of convergence of regions has revealed unequal tendencies of indicators of GRP per capita in the current and comparable prices, as well as other economic indicators. The GRP in the current prices within the considered period shows a tendency to alignment of levels of economic development. The analysis of dynamics of GRP per capita in the comparable prices doesn't confirm this tendency. However, in both cases it is possible to speak about lack of divergence (the accruing divergence), i.e. interregional distinctions have not increased over the last twenty years.

Keywords: convergence of regions, regional development, energy resource, regional policy, β– convergence, σ – convergence, regional differentiation, inequality, gross regional product, current prices

Abstract: The subject of this research is the development of the concept of justice in economic science at the time of emergence of the modern theories of justice. The object of this research is the leading philosophical concepts that became the foundation for determination of the notion of justice in economic science at the current stage of its development. The goal of theoretical analysis lies in identification of peculiarities in evolution of the notion of justice under the influence of liberal philosophical view. Special attention is given to examination of John Rawls’ concept of justice as the most reputable of all modern theories. In the course of this work, the author applies the methodology of scientific theoretical study, with the use of systemic approach. A conclusion is made that the substantial influence upon the perception of justice was brought by the socioeconomic and political factors of the existence of society; and the achievement of justice in economic sphere is possible only when the merest change in wellbeing of one individual does not diminish wellbeing of another while maintaining the moral-ethnical grounds of the society.

Keywords: evolution of justice, principle of equity, justice in the economy, Amartya Sen, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, theory of justice, equity, concepts of justice, economics and justice

Abstract: This article describes the research results on the role of wood processing industry in Russia’s Economic Security Strategy. The authors prove the importance of performance criteria of this industry, as it currently experiences the following innovative changes: improvement of processing technology; expansion of the use of raw materials and final products; formation of the new assessment methods of the effectiveness of investments in this area, considering risks, which allows the investors to make decisions on capitalization of their financial resources in wood processing. Over a long period of rime, high prices on natural resources did not stimulate the development of high-tech industries. The subject of this research is the innovative methods and means as the investment objects of wood processing industry. Methodological and theoretical foundation contains the works of the Russian scholars in exploring the wood processing industry, its marketing, management and logistics. The suggested method of risk assessment in decisions-making on funding the innovation-investment projects allows solving multiple issues associated with managing the spatial-economic development of natural resources of the particular territories, as well as substantiate the placement of economic structures in the regions for socioeconomic development. However, the risk factors for wood processing industry that affect the optimal functioning and development of the markets, considering the specificity of certain forest zones, remain insufficiently studied. As a result, the proposed methodology will be able to improve the state of the industry in the overall volume of export for achieving the strategic indexes of Russia’ economic security in the long-term perspective.

Keywords: economic safety of the country, structural risks, inflation, woodworking technology, method of risk assessment, innovation and investment projects, wood processing industry, sectoral structure of GDP, economic growth, R&D

Abstract: Development of the forecasting models of economic growth, their improvement and adaptation to the transforming conditions of the institutional factors, require constant refinement of the methodological instruments. The key task here is the search for such system of factors that would simultaneously clarify the correction in the trends of economic dynamics and be unified for the entirety of the regional systems, which creates possibility for comparative analysis of the drivers of the economic growth. The object of this research is the unified factors of the economic growth of the Volga Federal District. The subject of this research is the modeling system of the parameters of economic dynamics on the basis of identification of exogenous factors unified for all regional systems. As a result of the conducted assessments, based on the instruments of econometric modeling, the authors determine the models of economic growth of the Volga Federal District based on uniformity of factors, which allowed, using the methods of cluster analysis, grouping them in accordance with the level of response and sensitivity to the changing parameters of the analyzed macro-indicators.

Keywords: scenario forecasting, modelling, component analysis, cluster analysis, factors of economic growth, regional system, economic dynamics, Volga Federal District, econometric analysis, system of the regression equations

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of the historical scientific-practical experience of mutual insurance in pre-revolution Russia and during the USSR era. Based on the study of a substantial amount of historical and modern publications it is demonstrated that the mutual (non-commercial) insurance was widely used in the Russian Empire. The main objective of this work and its scientific-educational value lies in the increase of knowledge and informing of the broad reader base on the history of mutual insurance as a relevant financial instrument of risk protection. The article demonstrates the role and significance of the mutual insurance in Russia, including its industry application. The authors come to the conclusion that this experience can be successfully applied even today, if supported by the scientific community with regards to informing a broad spectrum of interested parties, development and proliferation of scientific-theoretical and scientific-practical materials dedicated to mutual insurance.

Keywords: insurance, property insurance, fire insurance, industry-specific mutual insurance, friendly societies, types of insurance, mutual insurance, history, third-party liability insurance, funds

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis and possibilities of the economic approach of Gary Becker towards the crime rate control problem. Special attention is given to the examination of the controlling effect of punishment. For description of the behavior of a criminal neutral towards the risk, the work employs a simple mathematical model of comparison of profit versus loss, which found its implementation in economic approach towards criminal and law enforcement activity. The profit of the criminal is the size of the “score”. The losses of the criminal consist in costs of preparation for the crime, its execution and the subsequent cover-up. Consideration of the possibility of being caught, as well as subsequent punishment of the criminal and the monetary equivalent of punishment, allows acquiring expression for the mathematical expectation of profit for the criminal. Within the framework of economic mathematical model the impact of various factors upon the amount of losses and the controlling effect of punishment are being analyzed. The conclusion is that the controlling effect of the punishment is in direct proportional dependence on the likelihood of punishment, thus in the case with a very low likelihood of punishment (such situation is characteristic for the corruption crimes in modern Russia), the increase in severity of punishment will not result in somewhat noticeable decrease in the number of corresponding crimes.

Keywords: Costs, Gains, Corruption, Severity of punishment, Likelihood of punishment, Rational behavior, Crime rate, Controlling effect of punishment, Crime, Economic approach

Abstract: This article examines the key aspects and indicators of the report on sustainable development of an organization. The work substantiates the need and the purpose for such report, as well as demonstrates its importance for formation of present and future goals of the organization. The importance of presenting such reports is confirmed by the references to its support from the leading global development institutions, including UN. The author determines the parties and groups interested in acquiring this data, and gives thorough analysis of such key indicators applied in the report on sustainable development as: financial, environmental, social, and characteristics of the quality of the corporate management. Special section is dedicated to the integral indexes of the socioeconomic dynamics. Conclusions are made on the purpose and importance if providing the report on sustainable development, which allows better and fuller look at external impact of company’s activity and long-term prospects of its work.

Keywords: environmental aspects, corporate governance, externalities, created value, sustainable development report, indicators, performance aspects, net added value, financial indicators, climate change

Abstract: The subejct of this research is the modern models of economy and business that are being implemented in the main developed countries including Russia. The authors of the article focus on the models that are used in Japan, China and other East Asian countries. The Russian model is compared to typical models of the West and East Asia (and contemporary European models in a more detailed way). Particular attention is paid to modern Western concepts. The purpose of the research is to offer a general classification of these models as well as to define their place within a single classification system. The authors have used both general research methods such as systems analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis and classification of objects under research, theoretical contextual analysis of existing approaches to the matter) and special social and economic methods (Max Weber's economic business ethos theory, concept of national cultural types, 'three types of capitalism' theory by Esping-Anderson, concept of Welfare State and its types). Noteworthy, that the authors are critical about limited opportunities offered by the corporate culture concept and emphasize the need in a wider approach based on the idea of the importance of natoinal cultural features of each country. The results of the research are given in a form of a classification of the main economy and business models and their particular location on a single classification chart as well as location of economy and business models of the main developed countries of North America, Europe (including Russia) and East Asia thereon. The scope of application for these results may involve both social and economic development of different countries and their relationships as well as prediction of both in a long-term prospect. 

Keywords: economy and business, corporate business models, Esping-Andersen classification, Welfare State, Russian economy model, European economy model, Western economy model, East Asian economy model, economy model, classification of national cultural models

Abstract:   The subject of this research is the questions of institutional maintenance of the efficient development of innovation systems at the regional level. Using the foreign and national experience, the authors analyze the diverse scientific approaches towards definition of the concepts of “national innovation system” and “regional innovation system”. It is substantiated that due to various reasons of political, economic, and infrastructure character, within the framework of the regional innovation system often emerge the institutional disruptions that impede the efficient flow of innovation processes, which negatively affects the dynamics of socioeconomic development of the territory. The notion of “technological institutions of development” is introduced into the scientific discourse. The authors justify the establishment not only of the financial, but also technological institutions of development in the regions that can perform compensatory function in the innovation process, filling the gaps within the institutional environment of innovations that at the present stage of regional development cannot be eliminated by the virtue of market mechanisms. The authors emphasize the relevance of creating the technological institutions of development for realization of the stages of engineering and experimental developments as the most problematic from the perspective of financial and organizational-economic support. The work suggests the strategic trend of institutional modernization of the regional innovation system, that will lead do establishment of the system of complementary cooperating institutions that ensure and support the continues innovation-technological process in the region.  

Keywords: technological development institutions, institutes, institutional approach, systems approach, regional innovation systems, innovation, region, technologies, interaction, innovation process

Abstract: The subject of the research is the analysis and applicability of Gary Becker's economic approach to crime control. In his research Tsurikov opposes to the idea of individual's rational behavior being purely egoistic in the common sense thereof. According to the author, interpreting  maximizing behavior as self-interested can make us to deny the economic approach and, consequently, impede efficient application of the economic approach to describing and analyzing various social phenomena and processes. By using a rather simple mathematical example, the author illustrates how application of arguments that describe emotional states of other individuals to the utility function of a rational economic agent allows to present such economic agent not only as a heartless egoist but also as a man-hater or absolute altruist. Special attention is paid to the ideas of Gary Becker's predecessors, in particular, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Detailed analysis is applied to a surprising similarity of conclusions regarding crime control that can be made on the basis of the economic approach and concept of a sociologist Émile Durkheim. While the economic approach proves that it is impossible to completely eliminate crime and that there is an optimal crime rate, social science presented by one of its founders postulates that every society has a normal and even 'useful' crime rate. Both approaches state that not all crimes must be solved and, therefore, some part of criminals should be left unpunished. 

Keywords: rational behavior, probability of punishment, severity of punishment, corruption, deterrent force, egoist, altruist, crime rate, crime, economic approach

Abstract: The object of the research is the innovative and technological development of the national economy within transformations of the higher school. The subject of the research is the mechanisms and  methods of state regulation that form the basis of an efficient, adapted to current economic conditions, innovative and technological development of the national economy. The authors of the article pay special attention to the role of the higher school in teh process of creating advanced manufacturing technologies, define the key issues and development trends that encourage innovative development of the economic system under the conditions of changing environment. Based on the methods of the econometric analysis, the authors analyze the key factors that influence the parameters of the innovative and technological development of Russia including the number of higher education establishments, the number of issued patents, attraction of foreign investments in research and development, funding researches from the federal budget, the number of staff who conduct research and development, the number of establishments that conduct research and development. The main result of the research is the scientifically grounded development tools used by the higher school of Russia that encourage and intensify mechanisms of innovative and technological development of the national economy. The main contribution of the author to the topic is that the author conducts economic mathematical calculations proving the need for Russian Federation universities to cooperate under the conditions of the limited access to foreign investments in national research and development. 

Keywords: research and development, measures of state regulation, multiple factor analysis, innovative economy, interuniversity cooperation, higher school, innovative and technological development, commercialization of scientific research, model of development of the university, foreign investments

Abstract: The subject of the research is the analysis of three strategies of economic development from the point of view of macroeconomics: Russia's Development Strategy 2018 - 2024 prepared by the Center for Strategic Research headed by A. Kudrin, Medium Term Program of Russia's Social and Economic Development 2025 (Growth Strategy) developed by Stolypin Institute for Economic Growth and Principles of Russia's Economic Development Strategy 2025 created by specialists of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation. In his research Ubushiev analyzes how views on the need in state regulation of economy have been developing as well as defines the main directions of the macroeconomic policy. To define the main trends of the macroeconomic policy, the author has analyzed the stabilization macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic policy of long-term growth encouragement as well as has described the main functions of economic policy. In his research the author has used general research methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and comparative analysis. The result of the research is the author's conclusion that the aforesaid programs are based on various theoretical concepts and it would be useful to implement measures offered by the members of the Stolypin Club and Chamber of Commerce and Industry. According to the author, the Stolypin Club and Chamber of Commerce and Industry offer strategies that contain a number of vital activities to overcome economic recession in Russia. 

Keywords: center for strategic research, Stolypin club, chamber of commerce and industry, monetary policy, fiscal policy, investment policy, innovation policy, recession, development strategies, macroeconomic policy

Abstract: Nutrition is an essential component of students' health. In recent years, there has been a steady trend of deterioration in the nutrition structure of students, which is confirmed by numerous publications on this topic. The main purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of eating behavior of students in universities of Primorsky Krai. The basis of the research is the questionnaire survey of students of the Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service. A dangerous trend in the consumption of fast food by students has been revealed. The difference between the method of questioning used is the wide use of open questions, for processing of which the original technologies for analyzing qualitative data were used. During the processing of survey data, a number of typologies were developed that revealed the characteristics of the eating behavior of students. The structure of the food ration has been determined and the estimates of the food costs for various groups of students have been calculated. Particular attention in the article is given to the analysis of students' proposals for improving the work of catering points of the university. Some recommendations on the improvement of the university nutrition system are formulated.

Keywords: food behavior, public catering system, food for students, healthy lifestyle, balanced diet, die, dietary order, questionnaire survey, statistical analysis, qualitative data

Abstract: The object of the present research is the activities of Russian medical organizations on risk management arising in the course of their work. The subject of the research is theoretical and practical approaches to identifying and classifying the risks of medical organizations. Despite all the social importance of their work, Russian medical institutions still face a large list of dangers. Most medical organizations remain state-owned, which means that the government should start an initiative to apply the principles of risk management in the medical field. However, in the scientific literature one of the most important aspects of effective risk management remains understudied, in particular, there is no their classification taking into account the specificity of the industry. In his research Zavrazhsky has used the analytical analysis of scientific and statistical data sources, as well as graphical and mathematical methods for the calculation of quantitative indicators. Based on the results of the research, the author makes a conclusion that the system of Russian health care does not not a comprehensive approach to risk management, activities of the organizations of this sector is continuously subjected to threats caused by external and internal factors, and one of the most important stages of building an effective health risk management system should be the proper classification of risks. The author's contribution to the research of the topic is that he offers his own classification of risks of medical organizations. Based on the reviewed scientific and statistical data, it is shown that risk management in health care should take into account not only specific risks of medical nature, but also common economic, social and legal risks experienced by any legal entity.

Keywords: insurance, population structure, professional liability, risks classification, medical personnel, quality of medical care, risk management, health care, medical error, consumer rights protection

Abstract: The subject of the research is the theory of production factors that are generally disputed because of their contradictory character. The resolution of this controversial issue is of paramount value for the integrity of the theory of production factors in the context of rethinking economics as one of the most topical points within the modern economic science. The author of the article examines such aspect of the production factors theory as the integrity. Based on that, the author touches upon two questions. First of all, it is the question whether information is an independent production factor and if it is, then what the factor payment of information is. The other question is why economic ability of a state should be viewed as an individual production factor and indirect business taxes should be considered to be the factor payment there of. The research methods used by the author include general logical research methods such as abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and analogy. The author has also used the method of theoretical analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author offers proof as to why information cannot be a production factor. The results of the research demonstrate that the growth of the influence of information on production processes is insufficient for recognizing it as a production factor. The point of view according to which indirect business taxes are unearned income for the government, contradicts the integrity of the theory of production factors. The author of the article also provides theoretical justification that these taxes are a factor payment to the government’s economic ability which in return is a separate production factor. Results of the research create new opportunities for reconsidering some aspects of economics.

Keywords: profits, entrepreneurial ability, information, factor payments, economic resources, theory of production factors, economics, government’s economic ability, indirect business taxes, direct taxes

Abstract: The subject of the research is the saving behavior of economic agents (in this case, population) under limited resources nd uncertain environment. The object of the research is the combination of cognitive and behavioral effects and phenomena that encourage or prevent from savings. These factors can be successfully used to encourage this type of economic behavior, moreover, some of them can be used directly by the government as well as financial institutions (retail banks, etc.). In their research the authors have used traditional economic research methods such as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and research abstraction. They have also used the method of case study (analysis of particular situations) and others. The researchers focuse on qualitative instead of quantitative analysis. The authors have offered a classification of discovered made in the fields of behavioral and cognitive economy, these discoveries facilitating or preventing from saving behavior of economic agents. The authors also analyze the experience of financial institutions aimed at encouraging saving behavior and developing relevant behavioral patterns (the habit to save money). The authors also offer to adapt a number of instruments that are used in modern marketing. In particular, they analyze savings gamification methods (based on the goal gradient hypothesis) and opportunities to apply the endowment effect through visualisation of the future value in account, etc.  

Keywords: goal-gradient hypothesis, endowment effect, gamification, loss aversion, hyperbolic discounting, bounded rationality, behavioral economics, conspicuous consumption, impulse saving(s), default options

Abstract: The object of the research is the conceptual and ideological views of Dmitry  Mendeleev on the formation of the national development priorities of Russia within the framework of implementation of modern models of economic security. This article details the search for a new paradigm of economic science, the development of strategic branches of economy, education system, development of the territory of the Russian Arctic in terms of a historical retrospective of works by Dmitry Mendeleev and the modern realities of the development of the Russian economy. Special attention is paid to the problems of neutralizing modern threats and challenges outlined in a new Strategy of national security of the Russian Federation. Based on the method of historical analogy and methodology of institutional analysis, the author makes a conclusion about the need to rethink the ideas of Dmitry Mendeleev and the implementation of interdisciplinary approach in the development of our own methodological basis of institutional theory and of counterfactual modeling in terms of the historical specificity of Russian economy. One of such directions should be the substantiation of priority development of strategic industry through guaranteeing economic security of the state. A necessary condition for developing modern Russian economy should be a historically conditioned return to the principles of strategy planning. Special attention is paid to the study of the influence of immaterial factors in the development of the system of guarantees of national security and the current trend of institutionalization of criteria for their implementation. The author emphasizes the need for further scientific popularization of the ideas of Dmitry Mendeleyev as a historical basis for the formation of modern national development priorities.

Keywords: national development priorities, Russian economy school, theoretical economics, history of economic thought, strategic sectors, strategy planning, development institutions, economic security, Russia, Dmitry Mendeleev

Abstract: The subject of the research is the concept of collaborative consumption which is a kind of alternative to the present concept of individual consumption. The object of the research is a contemporary economic system characterized by a decrease in volumes of production and consumption of goods, the fall in real income in the consumer sector, the decline in purchasing power, inflation and unemployment. Special attention is paid to the idea that in the modern world the concept of increasing consumption is no longer the driving force of development of society and the whole philosophy of the future is also undergoing change. On the one hand, growing economic crisis leads to the transformation of patterns of consumption, from individual models to the model of collaborative consumption, thereby reducing consumption and transforming its structure. On the other hand, the recognition of the model of collaborative consumption deprives the economy of one of the directions of overcoming the crisis – the growth of volumes of consumption, reduction of unemployment, increase and acceleration of financial flows. The author comes to the conclusion that one of the effective means of combating global financial and economic crisis and a worthy alternative to individual consumption may be an adaption model of collaborative consumption. This model is based on the paradigm shift of social development (the growing dominance of the network structure of social life), transformation of the structure of needs of the population (from rigid hierarchical structures to flexible but atomistic market structure and finally a network form interaction coordination) characterized by the lack of ownership of the used good.

Keywords: paradigm of social development, quality of the good, collaborative consumption, transformation, needs, idea, disfunction, consumer society, network coordination, economic recession

Abstract: The subject of the research is the influence of transactional expenses on agents' investment decisions, volume of aggregate profit and individual benefits. The author demonstrates that additional investments are necessary to overcome inefficient balance created as a result of agents' independent choice of investment volumes s well as to obtain additional benefits. Due to the fact that coordination of any kind results in transactional expenses, the author also analyzes the relation between coordination methods and associated profit and expense balances. The research method is the mathematical modelling. Within the framework of researching an incomplete contract model, the author carries out analysis and comparison of transactional expenses associated with coordination at hybrid and hierarchical forms of economic organisation. The author discovers conditiosn for achieving maximum benefit for both overly low and selectable levels of coordination expenses. The author also demonstrates that a hybrid form of organisation may have an excessively high level of coordination expenses when additional investments do not lead to the growth of aggregate profit. Thus, a high level of resources specificity or/and great volumes of investment combined with a low social capital may create a high level of coordination expenses which may act as an invincible obstacle on the way to overcoming an inefficient balance at hybrid organisations. Hierarchical organisations do not have such a level of coordination expenses. In this research the author has used the verbal method of describing results obtained through mathematical modelling.

Keywords: honesty, stimuli, trust, hierarchy, hybrid form of organisation, coordination expenses, opportunist behavior, specific investments, transactional expenses, incomplete contract

Abstract: The subject of the research is the trends and patterns of market development. The authors examine such aspects of the topic as the mechanisms and rules of market functioning. The object of the research is specific stages of the evolutionary approach of marketing influence on the market. Special attention is paid to the main stages of the evolutionary approach to marketing influence on the market. The research is focused on moving markets. The authors also describe limiting instruments of strategic marketing that do not allow companies performing in the territory of Russia to maintain international partnerships. The methodology and methodological basis of the research involves such research methods as analysis, synthesis, abstraction, systems approach and comparative analysis that allow to study the market and companies from the point of view of their constant development and interaction. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author provides integral grounds for transferring to international partnership marketing as a fundamental shift to combining mutual efforts of owners, management and personnel of companies in order to achieve a higher level of commitment and coordination of actions in order to raise consumer values. The main conclusion of the research is the authors providing explanation and grounds for market orientation adapated to Russian business environment.

Keywords: marketing evolution, marketing strategy, integration, corporate business, marketing, market, economy, company, resources, transformation

Abstract: The subject of the research is the combinatin of factors defining parameters of expectations of economic agents generating, first of all, phase shifts of economic cycles. The authors examine the structure of factors of the institutional and conjunctural order, and their influence on priority development cycles representing trends of short-, medium- and long-term expectations of economic entities. Special attention is paid to the questions of evaluating the influence of the aforesaid set of factors on the horizons of phase shifts inside economic cycles (based on the example of the Russian Federation economy). The given rsearch is based on the implementation of taxonomic analysis methods which most of all create the credibility of assessment. Results of the analysis allow to define the nature of the cyclic development of the Russian Federation economy in 1996 - 2015 with a preceding lag indicator of 1-2 years which allows to develop an important prognostic potential of the model and to predict turning points of each cycle depending on the contents of factors and sizes of their lag indic ators. 

Keywords: economic-mathematical modeling, forecasting, phase shifts, expectations of economic agents, economic cycles, theory of cyclic development, factorial analysis, cycles of advancing development, index of economic development, index of social well-being

Abstract: Specific features of today's competitive environment and particularities of corporate strategic management under conditions of ongoing land reforms create the need to improve measures aimed at supporting and developing small and medium businesses in order to increase their competitive ability and production efficiency. The purpose of the research is to study and summarize problems of small and medium businesses in the agricultural sector. Based on that, the author presents and solves the following tasks: analyzes modern conceptual approaches to the development of small and medium businesses in the agricultural sector described in Russian and foreign literature; summarizes gaps and barriers faced by small and medium agricultural enterprises; and analyzes advantages and disadvantages of cluster cooperation in the agricultural sector. In the course of her research Rudneva has used categorical, subject-object, sytems approaches, comparative analysis, synthesis and logical generalization. As a result of the research, the author summarizes problems faced by small and medium agricultural businesses and defines particular measures to support small and medium businesses taking into account their functions performed as part of creating the cost of the final agricultural product. Analysis of current theoretical approaches to raising the efficiency of cooperation processes in the agricultural sector has allowed to summarize and systematize advantages, peculiarities and problems of developing agricultural clusters in Russia as well as to offer a number of measures aimed at development of small and medium business in the agricultural sector. According to the author, recommendations made in the article will allow to improve the process of managing clusterisation processes in the agricultural sector and icnrease efficiency of developed cluster initiatives. The research conclusions can be taken into account when developing measures aimed at supporting small and medium agricultural business enterprises at the regional level as well as evaluating efficiency of these measures. 

Keywords: problems related to development, agricultural cluster, cluster initiative, cluster approach, integration, cooperation, support and development, small business, agricultural entities, region's agricultural complex

Abstract: Object of research is influence of weak security of the property rights to investment decisions of agents and on the size of public wealth. In the conditions of insufficient security of the property rights and the contract law agents, in addition to investment into increase in a comprehensive income, perform additional investments into post-contractual redistribution of negotiation force. In article influence of need of private protection of the property rights or temptation for their redistribution in own favor at investment choice of agents and, respectively, at a size of cumulative usefulness is analyzed. The method of a research consists in mathematical modeling. Within model of the incomplete contract the analysis of behavior of partners in the modes reliably and unreliably protected property rights is carried out. In the conditions of poorly protected rights cases of limited and unrestricted resources which agents have are considered. It is shown that in both cases need of protection of the rights to a comprehensive income turns into decrease in incentives for investment into increase in the income that negatively affects the size of cumulative usefulness. In case of limited resources in respect of creation of additional value the agent yields more effective with other things being equal to less effective agent in that amount of investments which go to redistribution of the rights to the income. The advantage in poskontraktny redistribution of the rights is got by richer and/or less effective agents. The conclusion that less effective and richest owners can be interested in a situation in case of which the property rights and the contract law are protected insufficiently reliably is drawn. In article only the verbal method of a statement of the received results is used.

Keywords: bargaining power , Pareto efficiency, Nash equilibrium, stimuli, economic agent, opportunist behaviour , redistribution of rights, property rights, specific investments, incomplete contract

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of regional differences in the European Union. Decentralization processes and the growing need of small but economically significant geographical territories to become more autonomous are typical for modern Europe. The presence of economically weak regions on the one hand and regions with high rates of economic activity on the other hand slows down the pace of society's development in general. The growing need of highly developed regions to become more autonomous or perhaps even independent raises a question whether the cohesion policy is efficient. According to the author, by collecting statistics at the level of Union regions but not specific countries and comparative analysis of their economic indicators would give an opportunity to define differences in the level of economic development and social welfare of the European Union member states. These differences described by the author are often significant and in most cases caused by their geographic location and history. The aforesaid imbalance was analyzed by the author at the level of member states and particular regions. There was no such disproportion at the moment when the EU was formed and consisted of 6 economically strong states. After countries with a lower level of development such as Ireland, Greece, Spain and Portugal had joined the EU, the gap in their economic development widened. For regions that strive to become more autonomous or even independent, not only historical and cultural aspects but also concrete financial motives are important. The majority of regions that declare their desire to become autonomous are the richest regions in their countries with economic indicators that exceed average indicators. 

Keywords: decentralization, R&D, region, autonomy, GDP, regional economy, unemployment, interregional contrasts, cohesion policy, European Union

Abstract: The subject of the research is the neo-liberal model of development as a global ideology. The aim of this work is to determine the ideological principles of neoliberalism implemented in practice in the process of globalization. To achieve these objectives, the author of the article has considered a practical application of the ideas of neo-liberalism in the domestic politics of Greece, Chile and Argentina in the second half of the twentieth century. This approach allows to identify the basic elements of neoliberalism as a social practice at the country level, and to transfer the result to the global level, thereby defining the ideological components of neoliberal globalization. As a result of the study, it was found out that the practical application of the ideas of the neoliberal model in the domestic politics of Greece, Chile and Argentina allowed the supporters and theorists of neoliberalism to talk about its "viability" and "efficiency" without taking into account all the socio-economic consequences of such practices. Often when assessing the effectiveness of the neoliberal economy researchers took into account only undifferentiated GDP which allowed to hide the negative consequences of the practical application of that theory. In turn, the global transformation that occurred in the world at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries (the collapse of the bipolar system and the crisis of the "built socialism"), has allowed neo-liberalism to establish the leading role of the doctrine in the globalization process. Neoliberalism has become a global ideology, ideologeme, the main of which is the "free market" protected from any interference by the state. The idea of non-interference of the state has overcome the boundaries of economics and has spread to all spheres of social existence that allowed neoliberalism to be "the only effective" model of human existence. The consolidation of the status of neo-liberalism as a universal ideology has not led to the withdrawal of the global contradictions of the global development, but only contributed to their deepening because of the lack of variability in the choice of ways of human development. 

Keywords: ideology, shock therapy, Chicago Boys, Chilian economic miracle, process of national reorganisation, Regime of the Colonels, monetarism, globalism, globalisation, neoliberalism

Abstract: The object of the present research is the corporate systems. The subject of the present research is the simulation modeling of the corporate systems. The author analyzes various kinds of simulation modeling such as discrete even simulation, system dynamics and agent-based modeling. The author focuses on the agent-based modeling and makes a hypothesis about this type of modeling being suitable for the corporate systems. In his article Bagrin gives the list of conditions under which the agent-based modeling should be applied. The author also describes peculiarities of the corporate systems and participants of corporate relations and compares them to the conditions of application of agent-based models. In order to find the type of modeling that would be suitable for corporate systems, the author has used analysis and deduction as the research methods. By using the analysis method, the author views participants of corporate relations as part of the corporate system. By using the induction method, the author concludes that the agent-based modeling is suitable for the corporate system because it suits elements of the system. As a result of the research, the following conclusions have been made: corporate systems could and should be modeled. However, at this point it is impossible to build the analytical model so simulation models should be used instead. Out of existing simulation models the agent-based models allow to take into account all significant features of corporate systems. Teh scientific novelty of the research is based on the fact that the author proves the suitability of agent-based models for corporate systems. The results of the present research can be used in further researches of the agent-based models of corporate systems. 

Keywords: Corporate system, options, simulation, Agent-based modeling, agent, model, behavior, analytical model, vector behavior, resources