Abstract: The article presents a historical overview of the development of the moisture transfer model, calculation methods, as well as the emergence of rationing for the protection of enclosing structures from waterlogging. In particular, the historical periodization of the development of features and approaches to the formation of methodological concepts in relation to the development of stationary and non-stationary methods for calculating the processes of steam condensation, diffusion and moisture transfer is considered. The article contains information from legal sources on the regulation of technological conditions for the use of methods for calculating the movement of moisture in enclosing structures. The author examines the existing models of visualization of calculated data by means of software. Further prospects for studying the presented calculation methods in the design of the structure and in construction are formed. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the formation of a conceptual innovative approach to the periodization of the development of methodological foundations for the study of stationary and non-stationary methods of calculating moisture transfer systems in Russia over the past century and up to the present time. The review of archival scientific and regulatory documentation made it possible to determine the vector of the emergence and development of the issue of moisture transfer models and methods for calculating the humidity conditions of enclosing structures. The results of the review indicate the great contribution of Russian scientists to the creation of theoretical foundations and the development of methods for calculating the humidity regime of fences. The occurrence of rationing of the humidity regime of external fences has been identified and analyzed. The chronology of the appearance of the model, methods of moisture transfer and rationing of protection against waterlogging of structures are analyzed. The parameters of the basic concepts of the periodization of the formation of the methodology for calculating moisture transfer in Russia since the early 20s of the last century have been investigated. Innovative visualization tools for stationary and non-stationary methods of calculating moisture transfer by means of software are presented.

Keywords: development, enclosing structures, standard, chronology, calculation methods, moisture transfer, humidity regime, periodization, designing, construction

Abstract: This article analyzes the experience of geological exploration and construction on the example of the city of Norilsk, and also discusses their problems. In 1935, it was decided to build the Norilsk Metallurgical Plant and the village of Norilsk was founded. During the geological survey and construction, many problems arose, these include: - the spread of permafrost soils, and subsequently the thawing of soils acting as the base of buildings and structures; - a small number and scattered location of rocky soils suitable for use as a base; - limited technology capabilities; - long time and huge costs when using as a base, rocky soils. Those problems mostly arose due to the lack of experience in building foundations on permafrost, Norilsk is the first experience in this regard. To solve the problem of permafrost, the Norilsk Integrated Department of the Krasnoyarsk Institute "Promstroyniiproekt" was formed in 1959. The solution to the problem was found at that time by Mikhail Vasilyevich Kim, who was appointed to the post of head. The method of pile foundation in permafrost consisted in freezing the pile into the frozen ground. Thus, this method allowed not only to solve the problem with the construction of foundations on permafrost, but also to use it for construction purposes.

Keywords: freezing of piles, Mikhail Vasilyevich Kim, pile foundation, foundation, permafrost, thawing bowl, soil thawing, Norilsk Metallurgical Plant, Norilsk, geological survey

Abstract: The object of this research is the sun protection devices for translucent enclosing structures such as blinds. The goal of this research lies in examination of the historical experience and modern practice of using sun protection devices. The author conducts retrospective research of the evolution of blinds in order to determine the key stages in the development of structures that regulate the luminous flux. The historical discourse of the evolution of the system of blinds is based on the retrospective analysis of blinds according to the main characteristics, such as materials used, their location (indoors or building facades), and gear options. The author determines three main periods can in the evolution of blinds. The first period started in 1841, when John Hampton patented dentition blinds and lasted until 1936 (the design and materials used did not change throughout this period).The second period lasts from 1936 to 1960, and marks the emergence of the facade constructs "sun-cutter blinds", as well as the use of aluminum for the production of fins. The third period covers 1960s-1970s, is characterized by progressive automatic control, implementation of PVC, and improvement of energy efficiency of blinds using photovoltaic fins.

Keywords: automated control systems, facade blinds, energy saving, insolation, sun blinds, jalousie, sun protection device, solar panels, photovoltaic cells, light flow

Abstract: In the conditions of reduction of the natural energy resources and relevancy of the problem of energy conservation and increasing of energy efficiency of buildings for modern architecture and construction, there emerged the need for examination and development of the technical-economic conditions for increasing the efficiency of energy conservation systems, including the hinged ventilated facades. Ventilated facades represent a modern technology for protection of buildings from the impact of atmospheric effect, as well as giving a modern look to the obsolete objects. The subject of this article is the technical-economic peculiarities determining the energy efficiency and energy conservation potential of the system of hinged ventilated facades. The research methodology is based on the theoretical approach, with application of the methods of analysis, comparison, generalization and synthesis of scientific publication, as well as the experience in construction and reconstruction of buildings using the systems of hinged ventilated facades. The author was able to determine the cause of low efficiency of such systems – the unaccounted heat-conductive elements in the thermophysical calculation. Fire safety of the hinged ventilated facades is also being explored. The scientific novelty consists in the acquired conclusions that the plan of reconstruction of buildings using the hinged ventilated facades is associated with a number of issues (formation of the low-temperatures zones at the attachment points of heat-conductive elements; presence of hazardous materials and elements; low durability and minor economic effect), which can be resolved by using the advanced materials for anchoring systems alongside optimization of thermal and humidity regime with regards to each individual case. The conclusion is made that the problems emerging in operation of such system lead to decrease of thermophysical properties of the façade and require further research.

Keywords: thermal properties, thermophysical calculation, building renovation, building envelope, hinged ventilated facade, energy saving, energy efficiency, economic efficiency, heat-conducting elements, low temperature zone

Abstract: At the present time, the curvilinear architecture is rapidly developing in many countries around the globe. The article provides a brief description of formation of the curvilinear structure of the buildings, as well as underlines their merits and flaws. The author analyzes the structural solutions of one of the most unique projects of contemporary architecture – the Harbin Opera House, which is designed by the Chinese architect Ma Yansong. Over three years of research demonstrated that the level of technical mastery, particularly pertaining to construction of the complex unique objects, is unfortunately not at an adequate level. The author claims that in the case of Harbin Opera House, the large capacities of the curvilinear formations have not been applied. The traditional approach towards designing of the building structures appears to be inappropriate, considering the modern forming methods. Curvilinear architecture, alongside any other, requires developing the own individual structural solutions.

Keywords: contemporary Chinese architecture, optimization design, aesthetic expression, structural formation, Harbin Opera House, spatial structures, curvilinearity, space-planning solutions of theatres, steel structures, Harbin