Abstract: The research object is social relations in the sphere of formalization of alternative administrative sanctions; the research subject is the provisions, formalized in the Administrative Offences Code, and the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The authors analyze alternative sanctions in their interconnection with the principles of differentiation and individualization of administrative responsibility. The article studies the influence of decisions of the Constitutional Court on transformation of sanctions in the Administrative Offences Code and regulation of rules of imposition of administrative punishment. At the same time, the authors note the disputable nature of some legal positions of the Constitutional Court and the presence of provisions in the Administrative Offences Code, which breach constitutional rights and freedoms. The authors use the formal-legal, dialectical and comparative-legal methods. The authors compare the Administrative Offences Code with other regulatory instruments. The authors also apply philosophical laws of unity and struggle of opposites, negation of negation and transformation of quantity into quality. The authors conclude that, firstly, on the one hand, based on the decisions of the Constitutional Court, the legislator has introduced alternative sanctions to the Code and regulated the imposition of penalty in the form of a fine. On the other hand, the absence of clearness in the very decisions of the Court has allowed the legislator not to revise all the bulk of sanctions contained in the Code, providing alternative types of administrative punishment in the articles of the Code. Secondly, article 4.1.1 of the Code, providing for the substitution of administrative punishment in the form of a fine with a warning, contradicts constitutional provisions about the principle of equality of rights, since it contains the limited list of subjects, which includes small and medium enterprises and their employees, and discriminates physical persons. Probably, in the nearest future the provisions of this article will be considered by the Constitutional Court. Thirdly, the position of the Constitutional Court about the feasibility of significant rates of fines in the Administrative Offences Code, causes concerns, since the punitive impact of administrative responsibility becomes in such cases more severe that the punitive impact of criminal responsibility. It leads to blurring of distinction between criminal and administrative responsibility in terms of legal consequences for an individual. The existence of such sanctions and blurring of distinction between criminal and administrative responsibility contradict legal positions of the Constitutional Court about the necessity to differentiate legal responsibility, which should be not only sectoral, but also intersectoral. 

Keywords: Administrative punishment, fine, Non-alternative sanctions, constitutional court, alternative sanctions, sanctions, administrative responsibility, compliance with constitution, types of sanctions, administrative punishment

Abstract: The research subject is the issues of police officers’ appeal against court decisions on administrative cases due to the leniency of imposed administrative punishment. The research object is the certain stage of administrative proceedings - appeal against court decisions. The authors study the modern principles and normative framework of the procedure of appeal against court decisions by police officers. Special attention is given to the procedure of appeal against decisions at the municipal level. The authors describe the cases when police officers have the right to appeal against court decisions if the imposed punishment is a fine. The authors formulate particular recommendations for execution of procedural documents for the commitment for trial. The research methodology includes the set of the most commonly used methods and research techniques including analysis and synthesis of the legislation on the problem in question, the formal-legal method, structural and logical narration of the cases under study, comparative-legal research. The authors conclude that it is legally acceptable if police officers appeal against court decisions due to the leniency of the imposed punishment. The authors give particular recommendations for the execution of procedural documents for commitment for trial for the purpose of imposition of a more severe punishment. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the assessment of the present condition of legislation and the practice of its implementation in appeals against court decisions. The particular contribution of the authors is the elaboration of the ways of further improvement and the prospects of development of the procedure of appeal against court decisions by police officers without the involvement of the procuracy authorities. The practical importance of the study consists in the elaboration of scientifically grounded recommendations for the execution of documents for commitment for trial, specification of a subject and a reason for appeal. 

Keywords: appeal, courts of general jurisdiction, administrative arrest, administrative fine, bodies of internal affairs, administrative responsibility, Administrative offences code of the Russian Federation, offence, administrative law, leniency of punishment

Abstract: The author analyzes the provisions of Russian administrative legislation related to the issues of imposing responsibility on drivers for not stopping upon the request of a police officer. The author analyzes the situation of intersection of two norms of the Administrative Offences Code: part 2 article 12.25 and part 1 article 19.3. The author concludes about the necessity to introduce changes into the sanction contained in part 2 article 12.25 of the Code thus eliminating the current competition between these norms. The article reveals the peculiarities of administrative responsibility for not stopping upon the request of a police officer. The author uses the formal-logical method and system analysis of the provisions of Russian legislation and comparative jurisprudence. The author formulates two variants of solving the problem of intersection of two articles: To eliminate part 2 article 12.25 from the Code as a provision repeating part 1 article 19.3 of the Code; To introduce changes into part 2 article 12.25 of the Administrative Offences Code. 

Keywords: sanction, prosecution, stop, failure to fufil a requirement, administrative offence, police, competition, provisions, vehicle, responsibility

Abstract: The piece studies theoretical aspects of customs procedures application within the territory of the Eurasian economic union. The research subject is the set of norms, regulating customs procedures, and theoretical provisions of scientific literature on the problem of interpretation of customs procedures, the peculiarities of their application and classification. The purpose of the research is to formulate and to substantiate an alternative definition of the notion of a “customs procedure” and classify customs procedures. The author uses such scientific methods as dialectics, analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and the formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. The author concludes that the legal definition of the notion of “customs procedure” is not comprehensive enough. The author proposes his own definition of a “customs procedure”, which is to be understood as the procedure of using and/or operating goods within/beyond the customs territory of the Eurasian economic union, which depends on the purpose of movement of goods and determines the set of tariff and nontariff measures applied to goods, as well as prohibitions and restrictions. The author classifies customs procedures according to such criteria as the intended purpose of a procedure, the direction of movement of goods, territorial restriction, the term of validity of the status of goods, need for a special infrastructure, terms of release and preferences. Theoretical provisions, formulated in the article, are original and can promote the development of administrative and customs law. 

Keywords: release of goods, free warehouse, free custom zone, prohibitions and restrictions, institution of law, classification, foreign trade, Eurasian economic union, customs legislation, customs procedure

Abstract: The research object is relations in the sphere of work of labour inspections. Russia has implemented one of the three existing conventions containing international labour standards regulating the work of labour inspections. Labour inspections can’t effectively fulfil international labour standards if they don’t study and apply subsidiary provisions related to the topical issues of today: regulation of migrants’ labour, gender discrimination, child labour exploitation including the worst its forms; struggle against HIV/AIDS; informal employment, etc. To acquire the most reliable scientific results, the author uses the set of general scientific (system-structural, formal-logical and hermeneutical approaches) and specific legal methods of cognition (comparative-legal and formal-legal methods). These methods are used as a whole. The analysis of Russian legislation allows the author to conclude about formalization and specification of international labour standards in the sphere under study. But in order to fulfill its duties, a labour inspection should take into account subsidiary sources of international law, which specify standards, contain information about successful foreign experience and the ways and methods of solving topical social problems. Until recently, labour inspectors had to control the observance of labour legislation only in the formal sector of the economy; however, the involvement of the great majority of population into informal economy, which is wide spread in developing countries or developed countries in the state of economic crisis, including Russia, causes the necessity to reconsider the existing approaches. In the context of the modern economy, labour inspections have to be more initiative in goal-setting and cooperation with employers and employees actively helping them to achieve these goals. Labour inspections have to be involved in elaboration and fulfillment of plans and campaigns and in the process of evaluation of the results achieved. Prevention has to be a priority instead of compensation. Current Russian legislation allows labour inspectors to combine the methods of consulting and coercion and use technical solutions, thus significantly broadening the standards established by the 1947 Labour Inspection Convention (No 81), involving all the interested parties (entrepreneurs’ organizations and employees) into the process of social dialogue. 

Keywords: child labour monitoring, trade union, employer, employment, ILO, human rights, child labour, labour inspection, culture of prevention, informal economics