Abstract: The article examines the current situation in the global energy sector, which is quite legitimately considered the fourth energy transition. The modern world has been teetering on the edge of a global energy crisis in recent years. It is somewhat paradoxical that such a situation is largely provoked by the policy of a number of leading states (primarily European ones) aimed at abandoning carbon and nuclear energy. On the other hand, it is the accelerated growth of investments in the development of generating capacities using solar and wind energy that is considered as a way to overcome the crisis and achieve energy security. The fourth energy transition, associated with the widespread use of renewable energy sources, represents a definite challenge for the Russian economy both from a technological point of view and from the position of the export–import balance. The main conclusions of the study are that the fourth energy transition, associated with the widespread use of renewable energy sources, represents a definite challenge for the Russian economy both from a technological point of view and from the position of the export-import balance.
With a competent energy policy, Russia has every chance to pass the stage of the fourth energy transition in a balanced and gradual manner: without going to the extremes of the "green agenda" and not lagging technologically behind the leading countries of the world, combining the tasks of providing the state's economy with cheap energy with new technological breakthroughs. which will allow the country to maintain economic stability, even in the event of a global change in the technical and economic structure.