Abstract: The subject of the study is the history of the development and current state of the theory of reference, which reflects a variety of approaches and concepts. Some researchers believe that reference is a purely semantic phenomenon, while others emphasize the importance of context and pragmatics for understanding referentiality. The issue of the influence of cultural and social factors on reference in various languages is also being actively investigated.
The history of the development of the theory of reference began with the works of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell at the beginning of the 20th century. Frege introduced the concept of semantic reference, arguing that every word has its own referent in the world. Russell developed this idea by proposing a theory of descriptions, according to which words indicate objects by describing their characteristics.
The works of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Donald Davidson played an important role in the further development of the theory of reference. Wittgenstein proposed the concept of language games, arguing that reference depends on the context and use of a word in a certain situation. Davidson developed the theory of truth, according to which reference is determined through the connection between language and the world. The pragmatic and cognitive aspects of research methodology are important for the successful conduct of scientific research. The referential nature of signs plays a key role in this process, ensuring effective presentation and communication of research results. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive examination of the classical works of philosophers, semiotics and linguists, including Plato, Aristotle, Charles Pierce, Ferdinand de Saussure and Umberto Eco, on the theory of reference. One of the key concepts in the study of sign systems is referential. Referentiality allows to associate words with specific objects and understand their meaning. One of the most relevant areas of research in the field of reference is the study of ways in which linguistic units interact with the context and situation of communication. This allows for a deeper understanding of the processes of notation and interpretation in language, as well as the development of new theoretical models explaining these processes. Thus, scientific novelty in the study of the referentiality of signs continues to be relevant and important for the development of linguistics and related disciplines. The author's contribution in this area may lead to new discoveries and understanding of the mechanisms of linguistic communication.

Abstract: The subject of the research is the search for the optimal method of analyzing deep structures using frame semantics. The study of semantic roles, similarities and differences in the approaches of both C. Fillmore and B. Levin – M. R. Hovav make it possible to analyze the structure of a sentence in more detail and accurately, identify deep cases and determine semantic relations between words. The study of these aspects is key to understanding language constructs and their interpretation. The study of various approaches makes it possible to identify both common features and unique features, which is key for a complete understanding of language constructions. An interest in text analysis in the field of artificial intelligence, machine learning and computational linguistics, and an understanding of the semantic relationships between words will help create more accurate and efficient text processing algorithms. One of the research methods is the semantic analysis of sentences based on corpus data. This method includes the study of various linguistic constructions in the context of their use in real texts, which allows us to identify common patterns and rules for the use of these linguistic units in different situations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors have determined the similarity of the approaches on how to understand the surface and deep structures of language of Ch. Fillmore and B. Levin and M. Rappaport. Their work, despite differences in methodology and terminology, together allow for in-depth investigation of the relationship between the meanings of verbs and the structure of arguments. As a result of the study, the natural relationships between deep cases and semantic roles in sentences of various types are revealed, and key points that need to be taken into account when analyzing deep structures for a more accurate definition of the semantic roles of arguments are highlighted: frame semantics and thematic grids.
Disagreements and alternative points of view contribute to the constant development and improvement of linguistic theories. Such debates eventually lead to a deeper understanding of the implementation of the arguments and open up opportunities for further research in this area. Both C. Fillmore and B. Levin and M. Rappaport have made significant contributions to understanding the surface and deep structures of language, although their approaches and terminology may differ.