Abstract: The purpose of this research is to study the totality of ideological ideas about patriotism, which can be reconstructed based on the study of the works of M.A. Bulgakov. The object of the study is the creative heritage of M.A. Bulgakov, and the subject is the idea of patriotism in the philosophical worldview of M.A. Bulgakov.
The methodological basis of this study is comparative historical analysis, philosophical comparative studies and the hermeneutic method as the identification and interpretation of meanings hidden in artistic creativity.
The patriotic views of Mikhail Bulgakov, which are an integral part of his philosophical worldview, were in many ways similar to the views of A.S. Pushkin, who always distinguished between ostentatious official patriotism and genuine love for the Fatherland. M.A. Bulgakov also did not identify the Motherland with the state, but he knew, appreciated and loved the complex and tragic history of our Fatherland, believing history to be the most important factor for the formation of patriotic consciousness. But, like F.M. Dostoevsky and Bulgakov realized the need for strong state power for the preservation and prosperity of Russia – the main thing is that this power takes into account the interests of not only the state, but also ordinary citizens.
The homeland was thought of by M.A. Bulgakov as a House where books and children play a huge role as indispensable conditions for truly human life.
At its core, the patriotic ideas of M.A. Bulgakov belong to the enlightened conservatism that was characteristic of N.M. Karamzin and other Russian educators. It is quite obvious that the conservative ideology, the conductor of which had been the great Russian writer M.A. Bulgakov, is becoming extremely popular in the modern Russia.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the existence of philosophical representations on the phenomenon of evil in antique culture and its perennial dialectical correlation with the good. This goal is achieved by interrelated solution of the following tasks: 1) determine the sources of antique philosophical perceptions of good and evil; 2) extract the essence of views of pre-Socratians, thinkers of the high classical period and certain representatives of Hellenistic philosophy upon the problems of good and evil; 3) assess the impact of antique ideas on good and evil upon the medieval philosophical views and modern philosophy. The scientific novelty consists in the first within the national historical-philosophical literature comprehensive assessment of the representations of antique philosophy upon the nature of evil. The author explores the genesis of these representations and their spiritual impact upon further development of world philosophy. Ancient Greece along with Ancient Rome, which absorbed its intellectual heritage, did not form the conceptually clear definition of evil; but the reviewed in this article philosophers, in diverse aphoristic forms of pre-philosophical knowledge and extant writings, left a number of paramount observations and reasoning that allow determining the establishment and advancement of the theory of evil in Middle Ages and Modern Age.

Abstract: The object of this research is the philosophical heritage of German idealism, while the subject is the philosophical views of the prominent representatives of German idealism upon evil and its dialectical correlation with the good. The article solves two key problems: 1) analyze and compare the views of classicists of German idealism upon the essence and main manifestations of evil; 2) determine the genesis of the views of Kant, Hegel, Fichte and Schelling, as well as the ways and degree of their influence upon further development of perceptions on evil within world philosophy. Research methodology is based on the historical-philosophical and comparative-historical analysis, culturological approach, and philosophical comparativism. The representatives of German idealism associated a range of negative in the ethical aspect qualities with a human. Their reasoning on good and evil were tightly related with comprehension of socio-historical problems of the past and modernity. Evil was viewed as an essential consort of social progress, while overcoming of evil by each individual was understood as a booster of spiritual growth and improvement. In evolution of views of the European philosopher on the nature of evil, the author clearly traces the genetic link from Jakob Böhme through fundamental works of the classicists of German idealism to the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who synthesized and advanced to a new artistic and intellectual level the ideas of European philosophy.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the philosophical image of the devil as the progenitor and carrier of all evil, personified in the characters of Mephistopheles (Goethe’s “Faust) and Woland (Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita”). For achieving the set goal, the author determines the dialectics of internal and external in images of the devil; separates the common and peculiar in artistic depiction and philosophical interpretation of evil in the works of J. W. Goethe and M. A. Bulgakov; describes the role of devil’s forces in the Universe, as well as the problem of good and evil in both oeuvres. Research methodology contains the historical-philosophical analysis for objective completeness of the study; culturological and comparative approaches for establishing spiritual connection of the writers from historical eras. Throughout the XVIII-XX centuries, the image of the Duke of Darkness has experienced significant metamorphoses, substantiated by cultural, philosophical and moral changes. In Goethe’s perception, good and evil are absolutely equal in their power, but completely opposite to each other potentialities. He created a unique conceptual reality, which set the scale for philosophical and culturological interpretation of Satan in the XX century. The author traces an apparent correlation between the images of Mephistopheles and Woland. Mikhail Bulgakov in his novel, depicted the devil as power that often objectively doing good and punishing the unworthy, having developed a philosophical interpretation of evil applicable to the realities of Soviet Russia.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the historical-philosophical reconstruction of representations of M. A. Bulgakov concerning the paramount questions of the philosophy of history. The author particularly analyzes the writer’s views upon the following historicophilosophical problems: 1) meaning of history and the causes of historical catastrophes; 2) coincidences and regularities in the historical process; 3) physical and social death in history; 4) relationship between people and government, politics and ethics; 5) possibility of creating a new human during the turning periods in history; 6) role of personality in history. Mikhail Bulgakov expressed the original philosophy of history in his works. Not being systemically formulated, the historical representations of Bulgakov capture the paramount ontological questions of the historical process, among which are: the specificity of historical process and correlation between evolution and revolution within it; meaning and purpose of history; problem of freedom and must in history; possibility of creating a new human in the turning historical epochs; role of personality in history. Bulgakov interlinks the historiosophical reasoning and philosophical-anthropological, ethical and axiological thoughts, creating the syncretic concept that is based on a distinct socio-philosophical anthropology. The key element in this concept is life, sufferings and death of a human, who desires to live, develops in accordance with the laws of evolution, rather than revolution – the social cataclysm that destroys the religious-ethical and value foundations in a human.