Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of the projects of human genetic engineering, as well as attempts of improving of his ethical and physical qualities. The significance of new discoveries in medicine and biology has drastically increased in the recent years. Human finds himself in a new role – an object of manipulations. The methods of genetic engineering provide the opportunities for changing the genetic base of a human, which is the prerequisite of being in creation of its identity. In order to comfortably exist in a rapidly changing world, a human needs certainty in understanding of how the methods of genetic engineering can affect his being, as well as interrelation with other people. The author conducts the analysis of the projects of human engineering from various perspectives, as well as presents the assessment of possible consequences of implementation of the “human-oriented” biotechnologies. The growing opportunities of biotechnologies in transformation of the human genetic nature should certainly be controlled; and the level of intervention into genetics of a human should be determined by social ethics and scientific level.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the cultural-historical and philosophical-ethical aspects of the establishment and development of genetics. For more than to millenniums, various philosophical schools were differently interpreting the place of human in the world. The relevance of this topic is justified by the importance of the analysis of genetic ideas within the philosophical understanding of a human. Rapid development of genetics, bloom of biotechnologies generates today. and even clearly in future, the research of multiple worldview and methodological questions that contribute in to the philosophy of science. Scientific novelty in the philosophy of science consists in the ability of a researched to professionally analyze the achievements of the modern science in the aspects of worldview, epistemological, methodological, and sociocultural importance. The author determines the significance of genetic researches for explanation of the correlation between biological and socio-cultural factors in studying of the human conscience. Researches on the genetic structure of a human and their social consequences are being analyzed. All of these researches are extremely important for the future of humanity. Main conclusion consists in the following: human cognition does not seem possible without philosophical reasoning of the problems of study of biological foundation of psychics, as well as without the further in-depth understanding of interrelation between genetic and social in a human.