Abstract: Within the framework of this article, the author analyzes the state of national science and society during the period of drastic transformations of the 1920’s – 1930’s. Examination of problems of the history of science along with its impact upon the transformation of socio0cultiral and economic context, interaction between the scholars and government during the pivotal period of the Russian history, allows rationalizing the existing strategies for the new scientific and social breakthroughs. The author describes the main features of transformation of the organization of science in Russia during the period under consideration, as well as analyzes “science” through the prism of social design. The research leans on the theories, data and methods in the context of historical, philosophical, anthropological, politological and sociological studies of science, technologies and engineering. The conclusion is made that the Soviet government that perceived science as the major driving force of not only of economic, but also social and political progress, established new requirements to the academic community and adjusted the conditions of its existence and functioning, which allowed the authorities to ensure the essential foundation for the economic development and social changes. The early Soviet period was characterized not only by the emergence of the new institutional form for the science, but also mobilization of the country’s scientific potential, experimental and, at times, revolutionary scientific projects. At the same time, excessive indoctrination of science, repressive and utilitarian nature of government turned science into the mechanism for implementation of their political objectives “here and now”, rather than the institution of the development of knowledge.

Abstract: Information and communication technology (ICT) used in virtually every area of life of the man and the society has become an attribute of today’s life directly affect national security and the mechanisms of providing it, which makes the analysis carried out in this article especially relevant. The author maintains that introducing ICT in every sphere of human life, on the one hand, because of the vulnerability and imperfection of computer software and information technology as well as their availability, creates serous risks and threats, both for ordinary citizens and for whole nations. At the same time, the article points out that the dissemination of democratic values results in greater importance of the matters related to the national and public security and the matters related to personal security, the safekeeping of personal data, democratic control over the government’s activities in this field. In connection with the above, n this article the author focuses her attention on studying the questions of ensuring the security of the state, the society and the person in the new information environment, and chooses the research objective of identifying the comprehensive approaches and analysis of alternative opportunities for procuring the security of the person, society and the state in the new information technology conditions of the civilization’s development. The theoretical and methodological basis for this article is formed by the conceptual provisions of the general theory of security, the theory of democracy and the works of Russian and foreign researchers into the problems of national security. As a result of this research, the author draws the conclusion that in the situation when the information component becomes one of the prevailing ones in the life of the person, society and the state and the information instruments are distributes among numerous different actors, the basis of the security system should be, on the one hand, network-centricity which becomes ad imperative of the forthcoming time and the society’s response to the challenges of the information era, and on the other hand – the formation of a new type of human who uses modern technology knowingly and responsibly.