Abstract: In Latin America at the end of the last century, there was a reduction in the role of income taxes, which led to a distortion of the structure of tax revenues in favor of indirect taxes and an increase in social inequality. Since 2007, reforms have been carried out in a number of countries in the region to return to the progressive taxation of citizens' incomes, thanks to which they managed to increase the share of income taxes in the budget and reverse the upward trend of growing inequality. The author of the article discusses the measures taken in the framework of these reforms, evaluates their results and analyzes the lessons that can be learned from the successful experience of transformations. In her research the author has applied such methods as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, also methods of grouping, comparison and tabular presentation of data. It has been established that the positive result of the reforms was expressed in the absolute growth of incomes to the budget of the individual income tax and in the reduction of inequality in the region. The reform was particularly successful in Uruguay: according to its results in the structure of tax revenues, the total share of taxes on goods and services decreased from 70 to 50 percent, the share of income taxes increased from 10 to 35 percent and the Gini coefficient decreased by 2 points.

Abstract: In her article Tsagan-Mandjieva analyzes applicable alternative approaches to direct and indirect taxatin of operations performed to create and transfer cryptocurrency taking into account their decentralized nature. Based on the approaches described, the author of the article summarizes foreign experience in tax regulation of cryptocurrency and defines tendencies in the development of the favorable regulatory environment from the point of view of VAT taxation. Taking into account the offshore nature of cryptocurrency systems Tsagan-Mandjieva makes a conclusion that it is possible to recognize taxable assets only if the virtual currency is converted into fiat currency. In the course of processing information the author has used general research methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction as well as methods of grouping, comparison, and tabular presentation of data. The novelty of the research is caused by the following: 1) the author describes three approaches to taxation of operations performed to create cryptocurrency (in a manner similar to creation of intellectual property assets (digital goods), extraction of precious metals, obtaining compensation for services rendered) and analyzes drawbacks and advantages of each of them; 2) based on these approaches to recognizing operations performed to create cryptocurrency, the author defines taxable assets developed during operations related to cryptocurrency conversion; 3) the author summarizes positions of the foreign states in accordance with the classification of approaches offered. 
 

Abstract: The author focuses on regulation of interest expense deduction for the purpose of calculating corporate tax in the Russian Federation. In her research Tserenova analyzes the rules of acting against thin capitalization recommended by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development as part of the Anti-Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Plan (BEPS). The author provides her own evaluation of the indicators of profit tax optimization by Russian companies using across boundary debt financing as well as the influence of actual court judgements on the nature and dynamics of direct foreign investments. When evaluating the scale of thin capitalization in Russia based on statistical data bout direct foreign investments and court judgements, the author has applied the empirical research methods (comparison and measurement) as well as the theoretical research methods (abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and generalisation) to analyse court judgements and OECD guidelines. The author of the article describes peculiarities of approaches to solving the problem of thin capitalization used in Russian law and court practice compared to OECD guilelines, in particular, the use of balance indicators instead of profit indicators, presumption of non-market loans when violating formal criteria, unclear status of undeductable expenses. As a result, the author offers her own recommendations to improve Russia's thin capitalization rules.