Abstract: The subject of this study is the parodies of the Russian and Polish languages, containing ideas about Moscow and Warsaw. The material was proverbs and sayings recorded in the dictionary of V.I. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people" and the collection of Y. Krzyzanowski "Nowa księga przysłów i wyrażeń przysłowiowych polskich". The Paremiological Foundation plays a special role in preserving the cultural memory of the linguistic community, expresses the most important and stable stereotypes of national consciousness. At the same time, the ideas verbalized in the parodies can have both a universal, timeless character, and fix the features of the socio-historical context, the material and spiritual culture of society in a certain epoch. In the course of the research, the author identifies, analyzes and compares the components of the linguistic and cultural images of Moscow and Warsaw, verbalized in the parodies of the Polish and Russian languages. In this work, the method of synchronous description was used, as well as methods of semantic and linguistic-cultural analysis.
The scientific novelty of this work lies in the multicomponent analysis and comparison of the expression of the image of Moscow and Warsaw in Russian and Polish paremiology.
In the course of the study, it was possible to establish the multicomponence of linguistic and cultural images of Moscow and Warsaw. Russian and Polish parodies contain ideas about these cities as the centers of economic, political and cultural life in Russia and Poland. At the same time, the parodies express the traditional attitude towards Moscow and Warsaw as rich, beautiful cities with a high standard of living, developed trade, but at the same time expensive and dangerous. The parodies characterize the residents of Moscow and Warsaw, their habits and mores, and also refer to the role of individual streets and districts in the life of cities. The study also found that the Russian language parodies contain ideas about Moscow as a city associated with important events in the history of Russia, a city with rich architecture and certain relief features. The above-mentioned ideas about Warsaw were not recorded in the Polish language parodies.

Abstract: The subject of the research is the peculiar functions of horonyms and oiconyms as the most commonly used kinds of toponyms presented in Chinese phraseology. The author examines horonyms and oiconyms in Chinese phraseological units including astionyms (names of urban facilities or country districts), comonyms (names of country facilities). The researcher focuses on the influence of horonyms and oiconyms in the development of transferred meaning of a phraseological unit as well as abilities of onyms demonstrate lexical features that are not typical for proper names. In the course of the research the author has used the method of synchronous description, method of semantic analysis and functional description of collected material as well as elements of statistical and etimological analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author carries out an in-depth analysis of functions of horonyms and oiconyms in Chinese phraseology. In the course of the research the author has discovered that being part of phraseological units, horonyms and oiconyms may actualize connotations that they have which, in their turn, may affect the process of the developing of transferring meaning. Moreover, being part of phraseological units, onyms may demonstrate lexical features that are not typical for proper names, in particular, create contextual antonymy and synonymy. 

Abstract: The subject of this research article is the analysis of Polish national auto- and heterostereotypes. Stereotypes are an essential element of the cultural code used by a group at a certain time and represent a mental picture of the world. Self-identification inevitably makes one oppose himself or herself to 'aliens', i.e. representatives of other language groups, nationalities and races. This is the reason why phraseological units often verbalize stereotypes about other nations. As stable beliefs, stereotypes are based on cultural specific features, traditions, religion, social and economic life of a certain ethnic group. In this research Spalek compares stable beliefs conveyed by phraseological units and obtained in the course of surveys of auto- and heterostereotypes in a modern Polish society. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author describes similarities and differences of national stereotypes conveyed by Polish phraseological units containing horonyms and ethnonyms and discovered as a result of recent Polish researches. As a result of this research, the author discovers that stable beliefs conveyed by phraseological units often do not conform to modern stereotypes. The latter may change over the time, lose their importance and be replaced with new ones.