Abstract: The subject of the research is the methods of expression of the subject and the predicate in the Buryat and Russian sentences. The rationale of the research is caused by the fact that this is a rather understudied issue in Buryat studies. The purpose of the research was to provide a brief description of the methods that are used to express the principal parts of the sentence in the Buryat and Russian languages. Based on the provisions of associated researches, the authors also carried out a comprative analysis of the means of expressing the principal parts of the sentence and functions they perform in the Buryat and Russian languages. The main research method used by the authors was the synchronous descriptive method that implied a structural semantic analysis of speech constructs. The material for the research involved examples from the Buryat literature, and local newspaper 'Buryaad unan'. All examples are translated into Russian. The theoretical importance of the research is caused by the fact that the results of the research can be used to analyze the problems of comparing structural components of simple sentences in the Buryat and Russian languages. The results of the research can be used in the process of teaching the Buryat language at a school or university or writing school and university text books.