Abstract: The article highlights the historical role of Russian science in the study of the northern and Arctic territories. The object of the study is the process of developing the mineral resource potential of the European North of the USSR in the context of the implementation of the tasks of industrialization in the 1920s and 1930s. This period is characterized by the intensification of research in these territories, when the Soviet government embarked on a course to intensify the industrial development of the Far North and the Arctic, with the aim of quickly involving their rich resource potential in the country's economy. The subject of the research is the historical role of science in the field of prospecting and studying the mineral resources of the European North of the USSR and the importance of the results obtained for scientific and technical support for the development of the mining industry in the region. Based on archival and published sources, the author analyzes the key research results of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Leningrad Geological Exploration Trust, the All-Union Arctic Institute, the structures of the Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps in the territories of the Kola Peninsula, Karelia, the Pechora River basin, the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, and the Vaigach Island. The methodological basis of the work is based on the basic principles of modern historical science: historicism and scientific objectivity. The research is based on a systematic approach, which made it possible to create an objective historical reconstruction of events related to the discovery and exploration of the mineral resources of the European North during the designated time period.   It is determined that the solution of large-scale state tasks for the scientific and technological development of the country during the period of industrialization necessitated the widespread use of the rich mineral resources of this territory in the development of the USSR economy, which determined the increase in the pace of scientific research activities. As a result, scientists studied a significant part of the European North of the USSR, discovered and explored a large number of mineral deposits of industrial importance (pegmatites, apatite-nepheline ores, coal, oil, etc.). It was concluded that by the end of the 1930s. the identified deposits and detailed geological exploration provided a powerful raw material base for the development of mining industrial development in the territory of the European North of the USSR, which formed one of the foundations of the country's industrial development.

Abstract: The subject of the study is the practice of functioning of the scientific community of Russia at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. The object of the study is the personality of the famous scientist, academician E.S. Fedorov (1853-1919). The main source of the research was the memoirs "Our everyday life, sorrows and joys", the author of which is the wife of the scientist L.V. Fedorov. The memoirs were prepared by 1927 at the request of E.S. Fedorov's students and colleagues and were dedicated to his personality. The memoirs cover the period of the second half of the XIX century – the beginning of the XX century . and they cover the life of the Fedorov family. Currently, the original document is stored in the Academician's personal fund in the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1992, the memoirs were published in print. Based on the thematic-chronological method of analyzing the source, the article considers the image of E.S. Fedorov as a scientific figure. The main attention is paid to the study of the scientific biography of the scientist in the 1880s-1890s. During this period, the scientist was an employee of the Geological Committee, conducted successful expedition studies of the Northern Urals, published the first results of the theory of crystal structure he was developing. The ideas and achievements of the scientist at that time were not recognized among the scientific community of Russia and he had to fight for a place in the scientific world. Based on the memoirs, the motives of E.S. Fedorov's scientific activity, his relationships with colleagues and mentors are analyzed for the first time, the scientist is shown in the role of a family man. The conclusion is made about the value of this source as expanding the boundaries of the study of the biography of a scientist and the functioning of science in general. XIX century – beginning . XX century .

Abstract: The object of this research is the history of scientific development of the European North of Russia in the late XIX – early XX century. The subject of this research is the historical role of the Geological Committee in exploration of this territory. The chronological framework covers the period from 1882 to 1918, since the establishment of scientific institution until its reorganization as a result of revolutionary events of 1917. Based on the archival and published sources, the author analyzes expedition activity of the Geological Committee in Northern Ural, Timman, Novaya Zemlya, and the Kola Peninsula in the late XIX – early XX centuries, the results of which became the first systematic integrated explorations on regional geology of the European North of Russia. The indicated problematic has not previously become the subject of separate research. It is proven that research of the European North of Russia was one of the priority vectors of the Geological Committee at the time. The following expedition results are highlighted:  a substantial territory of the European North of Russia is explored; thorough geological surveying is conducted; extensive paleontological collection is amassed; mineral deposits are discovered that gave science conceptually new data on geological development of this region. Research conducted by the Geological Committee demonstrated the resource potential of northern territories and raised the question on the need for their inclusion into economic development of the country, which became an important factor for further development of the European North of Russia.