Abstract: The author turns attention to one of the most acute problems of mankind – a problem of violence. At the same time, the author notes that the questions of origin, causes, control and prevention of human aggression just recently became a subject for s scientific research. Using a method of comparative analysis, this work examines three most significant theories of emergence of human aggression. Aggression as instinctive behavior is being studied from the positions psychoanalytic approach (S. Freud, etc.) and evolutionary approach. The latter includes ethological approach (K. Lorentz, N. Tinbergen, etc.), a hunting hypothesis (R. Ardri, D. Morris, etc.), and sociobiological approach (E. Wilson, R. Trivers, etc.). These approaches lean towards the fact that aggression has a biological, instinctive basis, in other words, aggression is an inherent instinct. The theory of motivation explains aggression as feeling of frustration (J. Dollard, N. Miller L. Berkowitz, etc.). Theories that state there is a priority of influence of the social upon the natural (theories of social learning (A.Bandura, etc.) and social influence (J. Tedeshchi, etc.)) prove that namely social environment encourages and stimulates aggression. The author criticizes theories of human aggression and comes to a conclusion that the growth of moral responsibility for the consequences of their actions did not provide guarantees that the mankind will not destroy itself. Moral restrictions, regulations of global ethics are far behind the technological progress. A qualitatively new methodology is required.

Abstract: In her article Chernovitskaya analyzes the growth of the political, social, economic and other genocide practices in the world, their acceptability and emergence of new violent practices which underlines the conceptual crisis of the term 'genocide', its controversial and contradictory nature. This emphasizes the need for creating an objective criterion for defining genocide. Chernovitskaya underlines how important it is to move from the principle of political premeditation in determining genocide to the principle of the system regularities, according to which the political, economic and social changes combined with the negligence of the ruling regime lead to massive destruction of the group, despite the fact that the destruction of the group is not directly intended. At the same time, at the present stage of developmet of human society the most dangerous feature is becoming the tendency towards transformation of direct genocide into indirect kind of genocide. This tendency is manifested in delibirate economic interventions aimed at changing the cultural and historical environment, in biological interventions aimed at changing the natural environment, and etc. Widespread modern technology does not only brings a person beyond his physical abilities, but also reduces the responsibility of management systems and distorts the concept of responsibility leading to gradual weakening of personal moral responsibility.