Abstract: The subject of this research is the hermeneutics of Aristotle and apprehension of the place of modal logics within the structure of fundamental ontology. The author determines the difficulties and contradictions that faces the interpretation of Aristotle’s concept of the logics of nature, analyzes the correlation between the modal categories of “necessity”, “opportunity”, “truth”, and “reality”, as well as suggests the praxeological model of their unification. The reality implies materialization and necessity, but necessary is not always true, as it can also mean something compulsory outside the actual existence. It is also stated that without the temporal characteristics of the modality of existence are irrelevant, as the veracity of modal reasoning about anything is always viewed in present “as it is”. The author comes to a conclusion that the truth reveals the essential as valuable and always from the value (practical) perspective. Having analyzed the foundations of the modern analytical philosophy, the article demonstrates that the representations of logicians are defined by their ontological orientations. If in “Hermeneutics” Aristotle spoke about the existence as a whole, the logicians-analytics imply the existence of a particular sensual thing, i.e. the actual being, which narrows down the area of application of their “modal” logics.

Abstract: The author examines the distinction between matter and being in the doctrines of ancient philosophers (Heraclitus, Parmenides, Plato) and ancient mythology (orphic tradition), as well as its role in the axiological discourse. The article studies the role of unconscious thinking in the process of empirical being and determines the ontological grounds for cognizing the surrounding world of a human. Attention is focused on the comparative analysis of ontological grounds of the scientific knowledge of the Antiquity and Modern Age. The importance of axiological discourse in scientific cognition is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the fragments from the religious and philosophical texts of the ancient philosophers, is established that the initial disposition of matter, being, and formation is presented already in the religious way of worldview and relevant to the present time that underlines its archetypal character and conceptual rootedness. The distinction between matter and being allows realizing the crucially new explanation of the nature of value relation.
The author examines the distinction between matter and being in the doctrines of ancient philosophers (Heraclitus, Parmenides, Plato) and ancient mythology (orphic tradition), as well as its role in the axiological discourse. The article studies the role of unconscious thinking in the process of empirical being and determines the ontological grounds for cognizing the surrounding world of a human. Attention is focused on the comparative analysis of ontological grounds of the scientific knowledge of the Antiquity and Modern Age. The importance of axiological discourse in scientific cognition is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the fragments from the religious and philosophical texts of the ancient philosophers, is established that the initial disposition of matter, being, and formation is presented already in the religious way of worldview and relevant to the present time that underlines its archetypal character and conceptual rootedness. The distinction between matter and being allows realizing the crucially new explanation of the nature of value relation.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the understanding of the category of “good” in philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, and Stoic Zeno. The author examines the establishment of praxeological perception of the value relation in philosophy of the modern era. Realization of the new task of the research suggest resolution of the question regarding nature and essence of the value relation, as well as place of the unconscious reasoning in formation of the existential being. It is necessary to illustrate the causes for establishment of the peculiar ancient perception of good as the highest “idea” of being overall, as well as formation of the content of the notion of “value” in the New European philosophy. The main conclusion consists in the following position: in ancient worldview, a man did not create the world around himself, but rather God, nature, and logos through the man, who instead of consolidation of his authority over nature, was forced to subordinate to the compulsion of necessity. The author also presents the idea that value is the attribute of any subject of existential being, because the soul embodies its immanent demands within them, as well as creates them as the tool for realization of telos.