Abstract:  
This research represents the experience of biographical reconstruction of scientific knowledge strategy of the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. The subject of the article is the intuitionism of Henri Poincaré as a conceptual core of his philosophical science. The key goal of this work is to describe the distinctness of Poincaré’s intuitivistic method based on his biography and scientific materials. The initial point of the research lies in the thesis about the deep interconnection between the cognitive and personal peculiarities of a specific scholar, inherent to him scientific method and sphere of academic interests. During the course of this research, the author analyzes the interconnection between the characteristic specificities of Poincaré’s perception and way of thinking that form the particularity of this academic style, and the key ideas of his philosophy of science, such as concept of convenience, conventional nature of the truth, juxtaposition of the two strategies of mathematical knowledge – analytical and intuitivistic. Analyzing Poincaré’s life experience, the author determines special cognitive structures – synesthesia, muscular sensation, macroscopic conceptual optics. The latter explain the distinctness of intuitionism of Henri Poincaré, as well as its difference from the traditional methods of scientific cognition. The research demonstrates that the universal methods of scientific cognition depend on the specific outlook of a certain scholar and his cognitive abilities.
 

Abstract: The present research is devoted to studying the phenomenon of sadism from the point of view of philosophical anthropology based on works written by Marquis de Sade and Jean-Paul Sartre. The subject of the research is one of the key archetypes of sadistic culture represented in the image of sexually abusing father. The main purpose of the research is to analyze the internal structure of this sadistic image and typical representations of this mage in interpersonal communication, sexual practices and cognitive strategies. The additional purpose of the research is to define the internal relationship between philosophical and artistic worldviews of Sartre and de Sade. The research is based on the method of deductive regression from the concept of violance as it is to the analysis of a particular sadistic image of sexually abusing fathers in Sartre's and de Sade's works through viewing the phenomenon of sadism as the form of violence typical mostly for humans. The analysis involves the image of Achille-Clephas from Satre's biographical novel 'The Family Idiot', on the one hand, and the image of a surgeon Rodin from de Sade's novel 'Justine, or Misfortunes of the Virtue'. In the course of his research Gasilin has conducted a comparative analysis of both representations of the sadistic image of sexually abusing father in terms of the worldviews and writing strategies of the aforesaid authors. The main results of the research are the following: 1) the author has discovered the system unity between the sadistic method of interpersonal communication and analytical cognitive strategy developed in the science of the Modern Period; 2) he has also described the internal connection between the image of sexually abusing father and the concept of human mind as Nothing parasitic on continuous Existence; 3) and he has discovered a particular cultural tradition that is based on the negative interpretation of consciousness - so-called neurotic literature. 

Abstract: The subject of the research is a specific philosophical method of human biography analysis presented by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in his philosophical treatise 'Being and Nothingness'. Within the framework of the research existential psychoanalysis is being viewed as the method of modern philosophical anthropology and an alternative to existing psychoanalytical, psychological, symbolic, linguistic, socio-historical and other techniques of analysis of human reality. The main target of the research is to demonstrate the key features, the scope of application and heuristic potential of this method as well as the fundamental differences between this method and Sigmund Freud's classical psychoanalysis. In the course of research Gasilin carries out a comparative analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre's existential psychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud's classical psychoanalysis. He defines their common features and differences and analyzes the key concepts of Sartre's existential psychoanalysis such as the other, being-for-others, fundamental project, bad faith, non-thetic consciousness, etc. The result of the research is the strict differentiation between potential scopes of classical and existential psychoanalysis. The latter is absolutely inapplicable as the psychotherapeutic method and cn be viewed only as a specific method of biographical analysis as well as a tool for literary analysis. The fact that special features of Sartre's approach to biographical analysis are very little studied by Russian researchers make the present research especially important for Russian philosophical anthropology.