Abstract: Over the recent decades, the philosophical foundations of sciences demonstrate keen interest in the problem of correlation between the theoretical knowledge and reality. First and foremost, such problem is common to the philosophy of accurate scientific knowledge. For its resolution, it is necessary to establish the ontological model of exact sciences, which within the framework of universal notions would allow revealing the metaphysical nature of the objects at hand. The historical and metaphysical analysis shows that the natural foundation for constructing such model lies in the semiotic analogy that found its reflection in metaphor of the Book of Nature. The establishment of such ontological model of the accurate scientific knowledge becomes the subject of present work. As a result of interdisiplinarity of this research, the applied methodology is based on the methods of comparison and analogy with the use of empirical analysis of the exact sciences. The author substantiated the need for involving the semiotic analogy in resolving the set task, as built a semiotic ontological model of accurate scientific knowledge, which leans on the analogy between the position of each of the sciences within the structure of scientific knowledge and correlation between the semiotic aspects of language as a semiotic system. This model allows not only finding solution to the problem of correlation between the theoretical knowledge and reality, but also opens an opportunity for solving an entire list of problems in relations between the exact sciences.

Abstract: The problem of correlation between the discrete and continuous is reflected in the atomistic approach towards the model concepts in the natural history. Atomism, besides the special scientific measurement, has deep philosophical roots, which over the recent time attract meticulous attention. The article talks about the relationship of atomism with the semiotic analogy, claiming the similarity of the role of atoms in existence with the role of alphabetic letters in the language. Modern natural history does not reduce atomism only to the physical atomism, but rather considers it in broader context – as a universal model applicable in other areas of science, particularly biology. Notably in biology, with achieving the molecular level of research, semiotic views acquired the necessary and natural character. Thus, relevant becomes the question of interrelation between atomism and semiotic analogy in the context of all subject fields of natural history, associated with the possibility for developing the universal ontological models, which would allow indicating any physical organization within the shared sense. The ways for resolving this question constitute the main subject of this study. Based on the set goal and the fundamental Interdisiplinarity of the research, the methods of comparison and analogy are applied, which allows not only identifying the invariants by comparing the existing actual data, but also carrying out the reconstruction in the cases with insufficiency of such data. The main results of the study imply the semiotic construction of ontological models of the chemical and biological organizations alongside the reconstruction of semiotic ontology of the post-biological models of organizations based on the actual material of modern natural history. The obtained results claim that the atomism and semiotic analogy manifest as the foundation for the development of ontological models in modern natural history.

Abstract:  
This article is dedicated to the historical reconstruction of evolution of the ontological models of science in Western European philosophy in throughout the Medieval Times and Renaissance. Their development is examined in the philosophical context, within the framework of which the core of worldview was Christianity, while the basis of ontological perceptions with regards to exact sciences was the Book of Nature. Metaphor of the Book of Nature was based on the semiotic analogy, which pursued correlations between the communication relations of human/human and human/nature.  Such ideology  is natural and its use as the foundation for ontological constructs was justified during the preceding period in the context of Ancient Greek philosophy. Semiotic ontology acquired its development in Medieval Times and Renaissance. The historical reconstruction is based on highlighting of the key directions of the evolution of ontological perceptions about reality from the universal perspectives. It is demonstrated that the ontological models develop within the three lines, depending on the subject of which science is taken as the foundation for perceiving the reality. Naturalization became the reason of why the semiotic ontology in evolution of the scientific knowledge was abandoned, and thus, it resulted in the loss of primary meanings. Historical reconstruction allows restoring these meanings, and its results can be relevant to modern research in the field of the ontology of science.