Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenological method of Jean-Paul Sartre, presented in his early philosophical essays. The author leans on his works “The Transcendence of Ego”, “Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions”, “The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination”. The main goal of this article consists in revelation of peculiarities of Sartre’s understanding of phenomenological method in the context of genesis of his own philosophical methodologies. The author introduces an analysis of Sartre’s theories of emotions and imagination, as well as definition of magic consciousness within the problem of genesis of Sartre’s philosophical anthropology and philosophy of consciousness. During the course of this research have been determined the methodological invariants of Sartre’s phenomenology, topics of interest, and rudiments of concepts inherent to his full-fledged philosophy. The results are reflected in the following theses: 1) Sartre’s reasoning carries mostly visual character; 2) in the foundation of his psychology lies the differentiation of rational and magical modes of consciousness; the magical implies the human ability to instantaneously transform the world through emotions and imagination; 3) Sartre’s perception of magical modes of consciousness forms the conceptual core of existential anthropology, which had definitively established during the mature period of his philosophical works.

Abstract:  
This research represents the experience of biographical reconstruction of scientific knowledge strategy of the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. The subject of the article is the intuitionism of Henri Poincaré as a conceptual core of his philosophical science. The key goal of this work is to describe the distinctness of Poincaré’s intuitivistic method based on his biography and scientific materials. The initial point of the research lies in the thesis about the deep interconnection between the cognitive and personal peculiarities of a specific scholar, inherent to him scientific method and sphere of academic interests. During the course of this research, the author analyzes the interconnection between the characteristic specificities of Poincaré’s perception and way of thinking that form the particularity of this academic style, and the key ideas of his philosophy of science, such as concept of convenience, conventional nature of the truth, juxtaposition of the two strategies of mathematical knowledge – analytical and intuitivistic. Analyzing Poincaré’s life experience, the author determines special cognitive structures – synesthesia, muscular sensation, macroscopic conceptual optics. The latter explain the distinctness of intuitionism of Henri Poincaré, as well as its difference from the traditional methods of scientific cognition. The research demonstrates that the universal methods of scientific cognition depend on the specific outlook of a certain scholar and his cognitive abilities.
 

Abstract: The subject of the research is a specific philosophical method of human biography analysis presented by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in his philosophical treatise 'Being and Nothingness'. Within the framework of the research existential psychoanalysis is being viewed as the method of modern philosophical anthropology and an alternative to existing psychoanalytical, psychological, symbolic, linguistic, socio-historical and other techniques of analysis of human reality. The main target of the research is to demonstrate the key features, the scope of application and heuristic potential of this method as well as the fundamental differences between this method and Sigmund Freud's classical psychoanalysis. In the course of research Gasilin carries out a comparative analysis of Jean-Paul Sartre's existential psychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud's classical psychoanalysis. He defines their common features and differences and analyzes the key concepts of Sartre's existential psychoanalysis such as the other, being-for-others, fundamental project, bad faith, non-thetic consciousness, etc. The result of the research is the strict differentiation between potential scopes of classical and existential psychoanalysis. The latter is absolutely inapplicable as the psychotherapeutic method and cn be viewed only as a specific method of biographical analysis as well as a tool for literary analysis. The fact that special features of Sartre's approach to biographical analysis are very little studied by Russian researchers make the present research especially important for Russian philosophical anthropology.