Abstract: The subject of this research is the genetic engineering of a human, risks it produces, prospects, and moral-ethical aspects. Technological progress inevitably leads to infiltration of cultural sphere into human corporeality through genetic engineering. The development of innovative technologies in the area of manipulation with the genetic code necessitates to choose how these technologies would be used. In this regard, there is a possibility of transition towards a new type of corporeality, not limited by biological predetermination alone, but rather culturally substantiated, being a result of implementation of the human-created project, which underlines the need for socio-humanitarian analysis conducted in this article. Viewing medicine as one of the fields of culture allows concluding that humanity to some extent has already faced certain projection with regards to human corporeality. In this aspect, medicine manifests as a tool for implementation of the project of a “healthy human”, and genetic engineering, as its part, would inevitably implement this project, and gradually expand the field of culture and fulfill the project of an “improved human” as a natural advancement of the idea of expansion of freedom through modification of corporeality.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the cultural-historical and philosophical-ethical aspects of the establishment and development of genetics. For more than to millenniums, various philosophical schools were differently interpreting the place of human in the world. The relevance of this topic is justified by the importance of the analysis of genetic ideas within the philosophical understanding of a human. Rapid development of genetics, bloom of biotechnologies generates today. and even clearly in future, the research of multiple worldview and methodological questions that contribute in to the philosophy of science. Scientific novelty in the philosophy of science consists in the ability of a researched to professionally analyze the achievements of the modern science in the aspects of worldview, epistemological, methodological, and sociocultural importance. The author determines the significance of genetic researches for explanation of the correlation between biological and socio-cultural factors in studying of the human conscience. Researches on the genetic structure of a human and their social consequences are being analyzed. All of these researches are extremely important for the future of humanity. Main conclusion consists in the following: human cognition does not seem possible without philosophical reasoning of the problems of study of biological foundation of psychics, as well as without the further in-depth understanding of interrelation between genetic and social in a human.