Abstract: The subject of the article is the current state, problematic issues and promising field of research of bio heuristics for solving optimization problems. Bio heuristics are mathematical transformations of the input stream to the output data based on simulation mechanisms of evolution, natural analogies, on a statistical approach to the study of situations and iterative approximation to the desired solution. Currently, bio heuristics have become an important tool for finding close to optimal solutions of problems which earlier were considered unsolvable. The methodological and theoretical bases of the scoping study are optimization techniques and decision making support methods, artificial intelligence, evolutionary computation theory. The article analyzes the fundamental results obtained in the field of bio-heuristic optimization algorithms: Holland theorem and TAD-theorem. The article establishes patterns and structure of bio heuristics, especially coding solutions, basic cycle of bio heuristics algorithms. The study reviews a promising direction in the analysis time of the biological cognitive heuristics - drift analysis.