Abstract: The relevance of this research is substantiated by the necessity of studying the role of the young generation in the state-confessional relationships. Political and extra-churchly unions throughout several centuries referred to the younger generation as to the reserve of its future existence. The history of extra-churchly youth movements in Soviet Russia and White émigré demonstrates the right way of setting the priorities in the youth policy in order to gain reputation among youth. This period within the Russian history is considered a breaking point with regards to the relationship between the Soviet state and the church, and the final separation of secular from religious. The principles of consistency and alternative allow creating an objective historical picture of establishment of the youth organizations in Soviet Russia and White émigré of the 1917-1930’s. In the early XX century the sociocultural space of the Russian world captures all of the habitable territories of the globe. National spirit connected the Russian people into an integral civilized space, united by the common national self-conscience. People who live in the Russian Federation, perceive the local culture as a part of the whole without separating their worldview from national.

Abstract: This article deals with the history of creation of creating the civil control forms in the legal process of ancient Russia, its specific features and peculiarities. It shows the influence of conflict resolution studies and jurisprudence on performing mediation procedures. The importance of this work may be put down to the fact that the number of published works on the subject of mediation in ancient Russia is relatively small. The role of a mediator in conflict resolution in the legal process of ancient Russia has hardly been studied. The objective of this research is to analyses the creation of the institute of mediation in Russia. The author examines the officers of the judicial system in ancient Russia which were responsible for resolving disputes using alternative methods. in order to examine this subject, the following literature was analyzed: known scientific articles on the subject of pre-court proceeding, the texts of Pskovian court documents of the 15th century and Novgorod  birchbark letters. Alternative methods of dispute resolution as institutes of self-regulation in civil society could be used in ancient Russia along with the legal remedies. Such procedures did not replace public justice and did not violate the citizens’ lawful right to legal protection. Thanks to the alternative methods of dispute resolution, the parties could settle their conflict independently on mutually acceptable terms, which strengthened their reputation and preserved their partnerships. The author identifies the persons responsible for alternative dispute resolution methods among the workers of the court system of ancient Russia.

Abstract: The article concerns the specific features of development of natural law views in Russia in XIX - early XX centuries. The author analyzes the main factors, which facilitated the formation and development of the natural law concept in the Russian legal thinking. The history of development of views of natural law in Russia in the XIX - early XX centuries finds its roots in Christianization of Russia, and its further development is due to the Europeanization of Russia. These factors shall keep their influence in the future as well, however, the issue of expressing authenticity of Russian Orthodox Christian spirituality through all the layers of the Western European philosophical and legal heritage shall gain more and more importance. Evaluating the development of the natural law, one should apply the unity of historical and logical methods of study. This unity may be found in setting the logical model free from accidental historical layers. The logical scheme of development of natural law is applicable to the various historical situations, and it is not related to accidental temporary matters. The historical reconstruction of legal development is required for the logical understanding of its patterns, and logical understanding of the objective historic development of law is also needed to reveal the inner mechanisms of its patterns. Christianity made the Russian life more humanistic, and it brought Russia onto a new moral orbit in the relations among the people and the ideas of due behavior at all of the levels of social relations. Additionally, Christianity facilitated Europeanization of Russia including the mental and moral levels. Europeanization of Russia took place rather slowly and it was opposed by the conservative elements at all levels. In any case Christianization of Russia facilitated the development of natural law views in the Russian history. However, the history of formation and development of the natural law concept was rather long and contradictory.

Abstract: The modern world with his undoubtedly active political life and quickly changing realities needs careful studying of the sphere of policy and its such important link, as political leadership. The political relations of society a priori generate a phenomenon of political leadership, as necessary and reasonable deep political and cultural, religious, and also the social and economic reasons the phenomenon. Political leadership, thus, plays a key role in the organization of any political process owing to what its relevance is indisputable, and the phenomenon of political leadership, its model and the concept represent an interesting subject for studying not only scientists-political scientists, but also researchers of other areas of scientific knowledge.At the present stage nature of positioning of party elite in the Russian political space radically changed. Creation of the All-Russia People's Front testifies that other model developing in modern Russia, goes for change to old party systems. New people seek to enter into the Russian political elite, whose interests represent again created parties.Fundamental problem field is folding of modern concepts of political parties. These concepts, on the one hand, are in system of the general achievements of modern conceptual thought. On the other hand, these concepts are transformed under the influence of realities of political process in different standard and legal landscapes. In this plan партогенез, party construction and functioning of parties in Russia is noted not only the all-Russian contents, but also a regional and local originality. Also it is obviously possible to mark out regional features domestic партогенеза in its actual and formal embodiment. In this regard perspective and concrete research interest represents party participation in optimization of contradictions of social development, including in modernization of the traditional communities developed and functioning in different regions of Russia.

Abstract: The article discusses the main activities for the conservation of the national cultural identity of Russian emigrants of 1920–1930. Caught in a cultural environment, the Russian diaspora was forced to create new patterns of behavior are often conflicting with the former way of life that threatened social fragmentation, conflict with other countries, denationalization. Deep concern about the thinking part of the Russian diaspora loss of national ideals, national and cultural traditions determined the active search for spiritual scrapie. In today's Russian historical memory of the recent experience preservation of national and cultural identity of Russian emigrants of 1920–1930 may help to understand the best ways to the development of society.Retrospective method allows you to restore the historical space, against which there was a process of conservation of national and cultural identity.The role of Russian traditions of the Russian Orthodox Church in the formation and maintenance of national and cultural identity of immigrants. Highlighted several levels that make up the identity of the Russian emigrants, which allowed them a long time to maintain identity in a cultural environment: verbal, psychological and structural level and the cultural value of awareness. The role of the Russian emigration "cultural bridge" between Western civilization and Russia.

Abstract: In article creativity of the famous Russian scientist G. P. Fedotov is analyzed. Religious vision of history by G. P. Fedotov was defined by the wide horizon of comprehensive culture as which part the real church acted, and the Christianity clothed in cultural style of an era. Therefore its formula said: "From the world — in Church, from Church — to the world". The church was understood by it, first of all, as the Christ's mystical Body in which everyone has to act as a sorabotnik Bozhiim. Thereby the personality allocated with a free will was put in the forefront. History as process lost the purpose because the last isn't given, and is set to everyone. But the unity of a task for all gave it universal character and was a basis for "common cause", so and for generality. G. P. Fedotov's view of history was tragic. According to laws of a genre of the tragedy the death of the hero caused by the inevitable conflict, fight against the evil in itself or in world around led to clarification. A form of such clarification was the repentance. Thereby the tragic element of history opened in its knowledge acted as a courage educational tool because without it it is impossible to look fool in the face to death.Relying on set of historical and cultural methods and receptions, the author of article put emphasis on identification and disclosure of historical and cultural aspects of publications of the scientist. In particular, in article use of interdisciplinary methods of research in methodological system of Fedotov is analyzed, the concept of historical and cultural dynamics of the Russian society and prospects of its democratic transformation are considered.At difficult synthetic character of its doctrine, G. P. Fedotov as the political thinker on set of his ideas treats rather the conservative direction of political thought as rejects any manifestations of the radicalism and daydreaming based on the abstract principles, and in creation of the political and philosophical concept relies on the principles of realistic policy, traditional Christian ideals and deep respect for historical experience. Its conservatism thus can be defined as "liberal" as in its concept, along with values of Christian traditions and public solidarity, protection of the rights and personal freedoms has the extreme importance.

Abstract: The main aspects of social democracy taking into account modern relevance of political and legal views of movement are considered. Special value for social democracy has refusal of the Marxist economic concept of a socialism. The private property has the right for protection to means of production so far as it doesn't interfere with development of a fair social order. The market economy, free competition and free enterprise initiative admit modern social democrats as fundamental instruments of economic growth, economic efficiency and social justice. Exactly thanks to the thesis of equality, solidarity, justice of party of social democratic orientation arise practically on all continents. Thanks to a historical method we can track social democratism genesis at all stages of its development. In conditions, when in the world at the beginning of the XXI century. new collision – now not on ideological (totalitarian and democratic modes) is observed, and on a civilization basis (first of all between the western individualism and east traditsionalizm, the most otstaivayemy Islamic fundamentalism), to lot of social democracy falls a link role, first of all for the reason that its valuable installations incorporate both individualist, and the collectivist beginnings.It is necessary to emphasize that all main principles of a socialism – equality, justice, solidarity – remain and in a new socialism, providing its continuity with past sotsializm. But these principles are realized in a new way, gain new lines, providing a place to a socialism and in new, post-industrial society.

Abstract: The article concerns role and place of the Soviet Union in the foreign political strategy of the Kuomintang. The trouble spot of the civil war in Manchukuo remained for a very long time. The Russian population was divided into the opponents of the Soviet rule and those supporting it.  The financial situations differed, which  caused passive opposition. The lack of rights, economic dependency, unemployment made the Russian emigrants opposed to the Soviet citizens, causing them to join the military political anti-Soviet organizations. These organizations posed a serious threat to the Soviet Union, especially  at the early time of its existence. the "white" military immigration was watched by the Soviet intelligence services very attentively.  The counteractions to the undermining activities of the "white" emigrants, which was often aimed at the downfall of the Soviet rule took a lot of effort.  The tensions between two groups of former Russian residents in the territory of Manchukuo often involved victims.  It was especially obvious in the conflict for the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1929. The article used comparative method, allowing to compare the positions of China and Russia within the framework of their bilateral relations.  The authors worked with the large quantity of literature, materials, and based their article on these materials. In the last decades a lot was done. The fundamental studies were published, as well as analytical articles, and the historical issues were often discussed at the scientific conferences.  Special attention should be paid to the issuing of documentary series, which are mostly based on archives and other materials, illustrating the sources base for the Soviet studies, and there were also additional publications of certain archive documents in the Soviet journals. The documents, which were published, usually attracted attention of the general public. Currently, there is a new stage in casting light upon the past, including the foreign political history of the years before the war. It relates to the restoring of the scientific connections between the scientists in the USSR and the PRC, accessibility of the archive materials in Russia.  For many years, the Russian studies of China gave priority to the Soviet policy in the Soviet-Chinese relations.

Abstract: This article concerns the interactions between the church and the state in the modern Russia, as well as the possibility for the dialog between religion and science. The situation of religious freedom in Russia, which was for a long time demanded by all of the religious organizations has formed a very rich and varied confessional space. This religious freedom makes any Russian person, having religious needs (especially concerning those turning to faith for the first time), face a difficult choice, and the religious organizations have to compete vigorously to attract these people.  The multi-confessional relations in Russia need a new impulse in the new conditions, when any  people, culture, religion should have an opportunity to show its authentic identity and potential in harmonious unity with the Russian society as a whole. The authors make the following conclusions: 1. When organizing, holding and methodologically supporting the studies of any practice of religious studies in the Russian secular educational institutions, the specialists of  administrative institutions in the sphere of educations, heads of educational institutions and lecturers should not violate the legislation on education. 2.  The religious studies in secular education institutions should not be artificially limited, since such limitations contradict the norms of both the international law and the Russian legislation. 3.  There is need to guarantee advancement of legal culture of workers in the sphere of education. 4.  There is need to intensify theoretical and applied studies on the issues of interactions between the church and the state in the sphere of education, and it is necessary to form for this purpose regional scientific research institutions and centers.

Abstract: In languages for the special purposes an important role is played by communication of information with knowledge and their use in speech activity which is considered in cognitive linguistics as a special type of information processing. It is the difficult cognitive process including transfer and receiving coded by language media, depending on conditions of its implementation and on between what partners it proceeds. Therefore studying of the language information processing necessary for transfer of knowledge and a problem of communication become the central aspects of the modern kognitivno-diskursivny direction in a terminovedeniye.Cognitive discursive approach recognizes as two main functions of language cognitive and communicative and pursues the aim "to study these functions in continuous interaction and coordination with each other".The cognitive component of this paradigm allows to analyze knowledge/information types, the verbalizuyemykh in the scientific text and costing behind them mental units and structures while the diskursivny component allows to reveal ways of submission of information to the addressee taking into account a pragmatical orientation of the text, intensions of the author and a special context of the communicative act.Terms optimize process of preservation and information transfer during scientific communication as the sense of the term is formed by characteristics of concepts which are always submitted in a system word meaning. In it one of differences of terms from words of common-literary (natural) language which conceptual characteristics, according to kognitolog, are shown only at the functional level, that is in the statement consists. Therefore it is important to note that existence at the term of a definition allows to use it as rather stable element of scientific knowledge. Definition of the term is fixed, though is subject to correction in connection with development of scientific knowledge, that is characteristics of the concepts forming value of the term are reflected in it rather precisely and correspond to a certain stage of development of science.

Abstract: The authors interpret noosphere development as a consciously managed nature oriented co-development of Human Being, Nature and Society, when the satisfaction of needs takes place with no harm for the Universe and later generations. The role of education today is like it has never been before. It may become a leader for the noosphere transition, and the link, by moving which one may resolve other problems of human society. Noosphere education does not deny previously existing systems, rather it takes the best of what humanity has developed  and suports the education with the knowledge of patterns of development of the noosphere system.  The authors formulate and substantiate the concept of semiotic representation of noosphere universum according to the teachings of hte V.I. Vernadskiy on transition from the biosphere to the noosphere.  The problems of noosphere universum are analyzed within the context of correlation of categoreis of "semiotics", "semiology", "fundamental noosphere law", "universal semiotic law", "language conscience", "semioconscience", "semiosphere", "infosphere", "biogeochemical energy", "noogenous biochemical energy", etc.  The philosophical and methodological analysis of the semiotic representation of the noosphere (noosphere reality) allows to suppose that the modern semiotic knowledge facilitates the formation of the new syntetic semiotic discipline - universum (noosphere) semiotics or semiosophy by developing within the lines mentioned by V.V. Ivanov and Y.S. Stepanov. Currently it is fair to speak of environmentalization of the world view, which is the form of humanization of knowledge.  Environmentalization serves the goal of spiritual and practical development of nature in order to form the system of "nature society", functioning "under control" (first of all technical and technological) of the people.  The process of transition from the biosphere to the noosphere viewed through the prism of semiotics and knowledge of the signs of the Universe turns out to be adequate to the cluster of principles of the modern natural sicence, allowing for understanding and explaining of the ways of development of the human civilization within the framework of the modern civilization processes. Semioconscience and semiotic thinking of Vernadksiy allow one to go outside the limits of scientific and religious understanding of noosphere to find symbolic and sign-oriented understanding of noosphere, guaranteeing the in-depth forms of noosphere discourse. The semioconscience may provide assistance for the deeper understanding of the processes of noosphere formation and the noosphere itself as an incomprehensible matter within the contexts of both the XX and the new XXI centuries.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the Russian immigration speech of the 'first wave' that reflect profound changes in the Russian language and national identity of their descendants at the end of the XX century. 
Today many researchers speak of a certain gap in conceptual grounds and emphasize the need for reconsideration and new undestanding of the old conceptual approaches to the analysis of the phenomenon 'Russian immigration'. First of all, this is the question about what terms and categories the cultural and historical phenomenon of the diaspora should be described in. Should it be described in terms of national history and/or collective memory or in terms of trans-national history being developed nowadays? Their desire to return to Russia predetermined the constant and varied in form and method battle of the Russian migration for preservation of their national identity. Culture had the primary importance in this battle. Attempts of the Russian diaspora to preserve their ethnocultural identity created grounds for the idea of the national rebirth. That was the idea about the revival of the previous, prevolutionary Russia and entailed a strong socio-cultural dominant including the concept of the national unity (Sobornost in Orthodoxy), service to the community (immigration community understood as the 'small homeland'), sacrifice and protection of the previous national and cultural traditions. 

Abstract: The article concerns the process of rapprochement between the Soviet Russia and Germany within the concession policy framework. The author establishes the causes for the rapproachment of two states.  The separate peace treaty, which was concluded between the Soviet Russia and the German coalition states in March of 1918 in Brest-Litovsk caused great economic damage to the state. Additionally, the Brest peace treaty served as an excuse for the Allies to introduce the economic isolation regime against Russia.  The attention is paid that cooperation continued, while the states were interested in each other. The documents from the Russian archives, which were lately declassified, prove the presence of contradictions and frictions between the USSR and Germany at that time, which lowered the efficiency of the Rapallo spirit in the mutual trade and economic, political, and military technical connections. At the verge of 1926-1927 there was a rapture in the Soviet-German cooperation. The Germany joined the League of Nations and there was a granite scandal showed the real limit to the cooperation, which was reviewed by 1927 and changed.  With the transfer to the legal forms of cooperation, the military and technical contacts between the parties declined. When the active forefathers of such cooperation (Lenin, Trotskiy, Wirth, Seeckt) were gone, the Soviet government began to doubt the viability of strenghenting the defence potential of hte Soviet Union with the financial and technical support of Germany. When Germany and the USSR entered the global politics, both parties had the opportunities to use alternative partners, and they started trethinking the bilateral relations in military, political, trade and economic spheres. The pragmatic approach of Berlin and Moscow to the mutual cooperation challenged the entire Rapallo course, which lost its political and practical significance for both parties by the late 1920s.

Abstract: The article concerns the influence of the migration policy on the formation of the legal status of migrants in Russia. The lack of legal regulation of the relations regarding definition, structure and elements of the right to the freedom of movement, choice of place of stay  and residence has a negative influence on the compliance with other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.  Its violation precludes implementation of right to free use of labor rights, right to dwelling, right to protection of health and medical aid, to education, subjective election rights. That is why there is need to perceive the system of personal rights and freedoms as a complex in order to establish the relations between satisfying the personal needs and protection of the public interest, solving the problem of limitations to the freedom of movement. The authors pointed out most substantial and obvious functions of migration law policy, which may be changed or amended in accordance with the stages of implementation of legal transformatio in this sphere of social relations from acceptance by the measures by the population to the conformity between the measures and the results.  In order to resolve these problems, the authors substantiate the need for the adoption of the Strategy for the Development of Migration Legislation, which would provide for specific details on stages of formation and functioning of the efficient migration policy in the Russian Federation. In particular, there is need to develop the federal programs aimed at finding the way out of the demographical crisis and support of movement of immigrants to Russia as residents  (taking into account the scientifically substantiated strategy of their placement in the regions, social and cultural adaptation of the local people and migrants, and formation of tolerance.

Abstract: In this article the term "subject" is understood as the person, the carrier of such qualities as autonomy, a protivopostavlennost to the world as to object, self-determination, activity, internal integrity and indivisibility. Strictly speaking, such understanding is fair only for the European new temporary model of the subject, only within which became possible появлениетермина "subject" and attributing to it values habitual to us today. In medieval outlook couldn't appear neither such category, nor similar interpretation of the person.Compliance of Cartesian interpretation to current trends of philosophical thought is disputable also: after all already I. Kant the "Copernican turn" introduces considerable amendments in this model. In early works of the nonclassical period of philosophizing the Cartesian model of the subject is exposed to sharper criticism. And, at last, the statement for "death of the subject", for the first time explicitly formulated by M. Foucault in work "Words and things. The archeology of the humanities" (1966) and become some kind of slogan of post-modernist philosophy, raises a question of refusal of the category "subject". So, each historical era "creates" the own subject, filling with new meanings the same Cartesian category "subject". Moreover, in "прокрустово a bed" this category we try to squeeze also ideas of the person, for example, eras of Antiquity or the Middle Ages.Thus, the category "subject" only with great reserve can be used for the characteristic of other eras or cultures. However, if we also can't call rightfully, for example, the Christian of an era of the Middle Ages "subject" in modern sense, whether we can claim, what it at all didn't possess to some extent "subject qualities"? Obviously, isn't present – perhaps, it would mean that he wasn't also a person. Thus probably it is necessary to talk not about insolvency of the category "subject" in general, but it is rather about transfer of research interest from the static category "subject" fixing concrete historical type of "subject", on the category expressing a certain quality – "ability to be the subject". And this quality can already be to some extent inherent in the person of any historical era. In this role the category "subjectivity" also can act. Such approach will allow to reflect rather correctly historical dynamics of the category "subject", designating not "subject", but degree of expressiveness of a certain quality in different historical периодыили in different cultures.The statement about that somebody possesses quality "subjectivity", doesn't give any instructions on that, about the subject in what understanding there is a speech. If to accept an assumption that subjectivity is the immanent characteristic of the person, and its form (types, paradigms) can change in historical and geographical prospect, it can be presented as variable, nominally inherent in any culture or an era, but actually accepting different values.

Abstract: Exterritoriality is the concept most fully generalizing all options of extra findability of the writer in relation to a native locus and the culture. In application to the creative subject at it two levels corresponding to two plans of literary life: empirical (historical, household, geographical, etc.) and the transempirical, covering plan of art consciousness.Empirical exterritoriality is all possible forms free, at own will, and not free, owing to need, movement from the space in others. On the one hand, cultural pilgrimage, temporary departures, expatriation; with another – expatriation, an izgnannichestvo, dispatch, flight, etc. Transempirical exterritorialityis imaginative stay in others space which can be realized in images imagined, as though real movement or not to be made out in any way, appearing in the form of free movement of the imagination and thought. From the told follows that transempirical exterritoriality is a universal form and a condition of cultural and art development, whether concerns it the writer living in native space and making imagined attacks in other edges, or it is a question of the emigrant, the pilgrim, the exile who of others locus by all means comes back memory to the territory, to the culture.In both options exterritoriality means the change of "creativity zones", assuming crossing of cultural and civilization contexts, transition to other semantic field, other system of existential values, cultural and the everday life "codes" and other chronotope. Change minimum is teh two-running movement "there and back", while in real life creativity is the continuous swaying of "pendulum" of art consciousness.