Abstract: The subject of this research is the social importance and role of science in the society in the interpretation of M. A. Bakunin, which he saw it through the prism of the idea of social justice and social equality. The author examines the social significance of anarchism as a democratic and relevant theory in the modern world. This work also analyses Bakunin’s interpretation of science as means of dominance of the privileged and educated minority. The problem of dependence of science from the government, and as a result, the problem of its specific social role and importance for the society, is being reviewed. Science within the society is the same form of public conscience as mythology and religion, and thus, should be separated from the government. The following conclusions are made: the development of various form of people’s self-governance, in other words the realization of public ideal of anarchism is identical to the advancement of democracy; science and education in the social structure of the society represents one of the means of social differentiation; science is a relative and transitional form of public conscience as mythology and religion.

Abstract: Concept of the people, its role and value of concepts of social development of the largest representatives of narodniks' tradition - A. I. Herzen, M.A.Bakunin, P. L. Lavrov, P. N. Tkachyov. Theoretical justification of the leading role of the Slavic people by Herzen, the Russian people in the history is investigated. The problem of ability of the people at the level of an instinct or at the level of rationality to formation and realization of a public ideal is analyzed.The problem of possibility of educational activity, problem of introduction into the people of rational values is investigated. The following problem is analyzed: people and educated minority, people and revolutionary minority. The influence of Narodniks' definition of 'people' on the Soviet ideology and the modern society is analyzed. This article relies on the principle of historicism, the principle of unity of the historical and logical.The method of the historical and comparative analysis, typological and dialectic methods is used. The historical and comparative analysis of concept of the people is made, evolution of this concept of historical prospect is opened. The conclusion that the concept the people within narodnichesky ideology made the most various sense is drawn: from investment with its certain aprioristic, metaphysical, instinctive qualities and abilities, to a complete negation of any abilities to social activity. The conclusion that narodnichesky approaches to concept the people entered the Soviet ideology in peculiar interpreted look is drawn and safely existed in the Soviet society.