Features of the Formation of Negatonyms (Based on M. Shruba's "Dictionary of Pseudonyms of Russian Emigrants in Europe (1917–1945)")

Savel'ev Viktor Sergeevich Doctor of Philology Professor; Department of Russian Language; Lomonosov Moscow State University 1 Leninskie Gory str., Moscow, 119991, Russia alfertinbox@mail.ru

Din Pei Postgraduate student; Department of Russian Language; Lomonosov Moscow State University 1 Leninskie Gory str., Moscow, 119991, Russia DingPei121@163.com

Introduction

One of the objects of modern linguistics is pseudonyms, words that denote "a fictitious name that exists in a person's social life along with or instead of his real name" ^{[1, p. 113]}. Pseudonyms have been analyzed in a number of studies in recent decades (see ^{[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11]}), However, not all aspects of their study were covered in the scientific literature. Thus, negatonyms (negative pseudonyms) are one of the types of pseudonyms that are of interest for research by linguists. V. G. Dmitriev gives the following definition of negatonyms: "A negatonym is a signature that denies an author's affiliation to a particular profession, party, and so on, or opposes him to a particular writer" ^{[12, p. 313]}. The study of negatonyms can reveal facts that have both social and cultural, as well as purely linguistic significance.

Russian Russian pseudonyms One of the main sources for studying Russian pseudonyms is the Dictionary of Pseudonyms of the Russian Diaspora in Europe (1917-1945) by M. Shruby, published in 2018. It includes about 9,800 pseudonyms dating back to the period of the first wave of Russian emigration. Calculations have shown that there are 71 negatonyms in the dictionary.

The main part

The analysis of negatonyms allowed us to determine the ways and means of their formation (producing bases and derivatives), as well as the types of motivation. It turned out to be extremely important for evaluating negatonyms to establish the typical lexical meanings of their generating bases (hereinafter referred to as PB), since they motivate the formation of negatonyms: their authors deny that they have a characteristic that the PB of the pseudonym calls. In this regard, it is equally important that, in our opinion, negatonyms can include not only pseudonyms that include the formant "not", but also those words whose word-formation meaning is expressed by other derivational means (Homeless – one who does not have a home; Non–partisan - one who does not belongs to a party and under.).

The results obtained are presented in the form of a description of the word-formation pairs that we have established. The following characteristics are specified: 1) methods of formation, 2) types of derivatives (single-word or ambiguous), 3) derivatives, 4) producing bases and their characteristics (partial affiliation and meaning). After each of the negatonyms, the author of the pseudonym is indicated in parentheses (if the author of the pseudonym is unknown, "= ?" is indicated in parentheses), and a link to M. Shruba's "Dictionary" is also given. In some cases, versions of the origin of negatonyms are also given.

1. One-word negatonyms

1.1 Prefixed methods

1.1.1 Word-formation models with the prefix non-

A special feature of negatonyms with the prefix not- is that it can be written together or separated by a hyphen.

Regarding the possible spelling of a non-hyphenated prefix, V. V. Lopatin writes the following: "Combined spellings with one capital letter in the middle of a word are unacceptable. Therefore, after the initial part of a word, according to the basic rules of writing together, after the prefix, the first part of a compound or compound word, a hyphen should be written if the second part is a proper name and therefore is written with a capital letter. Examples: non-Russia (...it is difficult for non-Russia to understand Russia. – From the newspaper)" ^{[13, p. 97]}. As we can see, the non-formant, the spelling of which is associated with the use of a hyphen, is evaluated precisely as a prefix, which makes it possible to combine the cases of merged and hyphenated spelling. At the same time, the analysis of negatonyms shows that non-hyphenated spelling is possible not only in the cases described by V. V. Lopatin.

1.1.1.1 PB: proper noun

(1) PB: last name or first name

Vereshchagin > Non-Vereshchagin (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 992]};

Vladimir > Non-Vladimir (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 973]};

Karamzin > Nekaramzin (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 875]};

Karinsky > Non-Karinsky (= Vladimir Fedorovich Karinsky) ^{[14, p. 304]};

Krasov > Ne-Krasov (= Leonard Julianovich Piragis) ^{[14, p. 304]}.

Two pseudonyms attract special attention.

The Non-Karinsky negatonym is based on the author's real name, V. F. Karinsky, which is a special means of creating a comic effect.

The negatonym Nek-Krasov is formed on the basis of the surname of the great Russian poet N. A. Nekrasov, in which the formant is not separated by a hyphen from the rest of the surname. Thus, L. Y. Piragis implements a language game, forming a pseudonym, on the one hand, naming the classic of Russian literature, and on the other – indicating that the author of the pseudonym is not such.

(2) PB: alias

Letter > Non-Letter (= Ilya Markovich Vasilevsky) ^{[14, p. 302]};

Kobzar > Non-Kobzar (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 939]}.

Negatonyms based on pseudonyms of other authors require special comment.

The author of the Non-Letter negatonym, journalist Ilya Markovich Vasilevsky, was the namesake of another famous journalist, Hippolytus Fedorovich Vasilevsky. In this regard, "I. M. Vasilevsky chose the Non-Letter negatonym in honor of Hippolytus Vasilevsky, who signed himself as a Letter" ^[15]. In our opinion, I. M. Vasilevsky, through the choice of a pseudonym, showed that, on the one hand, he was not I. F. Vasilevsky, and on the other, he expressed a particularly respectful attitude towards the namesake.

The pseudonym of the unidentified author, Ne-Kobzar, in our opinion, was motivated by the nickname Kobzar, the nickname of T. G. Shevchenko, whose most famous book was the collection of poetry Kobzar. It is a well-known fact that "after the publication of this collection, Taras Shevchenko himself was called kobzar. Even the author himself, after some of his novels, began to sign himself "Kobzar Darmograi" ^{[16, p. 1]}. The fact that PB was a pseudonym, and not a common noun kobzar, in our opinion, is evidenced by the fact that the motivator is capitalized in the negatonym.

1.1.1.2 PB: common noun

(1) PB: a noun that names a person according to their field of activity

Academician > Non-academician (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 863]};

Deputy > Non-deputate (= Vasily Grigorievich Grigoriev) ^{[14, p. 303]};

Diplomat > Non-diplomat (= ? ) ^{[14, pp. 883, 935]};

Diplomat > Non-Diplomat (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 936]};

People's Commissar > Nenarkom (= Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov) ^{[14, p. 305]};

Teacher > Non-teacher (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 863]};

Politician > Non-politician (= Yakov Dmitrievich Zemsky) ^{[14, p. 952]};

Politician > Non-politician (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 973]};

Poet > Non-poet = Konstantin Yakovlevich Shumlevich ( ? ) ^{[14, pp. 305, 900]};

Reviewer > Non-reviewer (= Zinaida Nikolaevna Zhuravskaya) ^{[14, p. 305]};

Lawyer > Non-lawyer (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 1004]}.

It is noteworthy that in most cases negatonyms are called "non-belonging" to representatives of a certain professional field. These include creative professions (Non-poet), professions related to science and education (Non-academic, Non-teacher, Non-reviewer), administrative, legal and political activities (Non-MP, Non-commissioner, Non-politician, Non-politician, Non-lawyer).

In some cases, the use of a negatonym, in our opinion, reflects the author's desire to activate certain connotations in the reader's mind. Thus, the word Non-Commander not only indicates that the author does not hold a certain position, but also focuses on his political views, emphasizing his opposition to the Soviet government and its social institutions.

Attention is drawn to the variability of the spelling of Non-politician and Non-politician, as well as Non-diplomat and Non-Diplomat.

(2) PB: a noun that names a person based on his passion for something.

Athlete > Non-athlete (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 988]};

Theater-goer > Non-theater-goer (= Gleb Petrovich Struve) ^{[14, p. 306]};

Theater-goer > Non-Theater-goer (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 875]}.

These negatonyms indicate that the authors are not passionate about theater and sports.

The Non-athlete negatonym can also be attributed to a group of pseudonyms that describe the lack of belonging to a particular field of activity, since, according to the definition of the word athlete in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language edited by D. I. Ushakov, it has two meanings: "a person who systematically engages in sports, or a person whose sport is a professional occupation."" ^{[17, p. 448]}.

The variability of the spelling of Non-theatrical and Non-Theatrical is noteworthy.

(3) PB: a noun that characterizes a person based on their political views or party affiliation

Communist > Non-communist (= ? ) ^{[14, pp. 304, 931, 978]};

Mladoross > Non-Molodoross (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 990]};

Monarchist > Non-monarchist (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 952]}.

The negatonyms Non-communist, Non-Young Russian, and Non-Monarchist illustrate the authors' attitude to tsarist and Soviet power, emphasizing their critical position towards these political systems, and their assessments, judging by the negatonyms constructed, may be directly opposite.

(4) PB: a noun that characterizes a person by their location

Zarubezhnik > Non-zarubezhnik (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 863]};

Muscovite > Non-Muscovite (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 815]};

Emigrant > Non-emigrant (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 815]}.

The establishment of the word zarubezhnik as a Non-foreign word is due to the fact that this word is recorded in dictionaries of the 19th century; in particular, in the Explanatory Dictionary by V. I. Dahl, its meaning is defined as "a foreign neighbor or resident" ^{[18, p. 649]}.

Interestingly, the negatonyms Non-foreigner and Non-emigrant negate the characteristic objectively characteristic of the authors of the Russian diaspora, being examples of a kind of author's language game.

(5) PB: a noun that characterizes a person according to his degree of development

The savage > A non-savage (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 877]}.

(6) PB: a noun that names a person by their nationality

Chinese > Non-Chinese (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 863]}.

(7) PB: a noun naming a plant

Rosehip > Non-Rosehip (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 939]}.

The motivation of this negatonym may be related to the connotation generated by the use of the word rosehip as the name of a plant with thorns.

***

As can be seen from the examples, common nouns used as non-synonyms express a wide variety of meanings, but most of them are united by the fact that they characterize a person as a member of a certain society. By using these negatonyms, the authors distance themselves from the so-called social, political or cultural identity, which is an important characteristic of their worldview.

1.1.1.3 PB: a verb with the meaning of displacement

Return > Non-returnee (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 815]};

Return > Non-returnee (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 863]}.

The word non-returnee is missing from V. I. Dahl's Dictionary, but it is presented in the Explanatory Dictionary edited by D. I. Ushakov: "A person who has not returned to his homeland from abroad and has treacherously joined the camp of enemies of the USSR" ^{[19, p. 486]}. Thus, the events that took place in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century led to the emergence of a special social group and the need to name people who belong to this group. It is quite logical that this word is also found in M. Shruba's "Dictionary": the authors of the pseudonym state their belonging to the Russian diaspora. It is also noteworthy that the word returnee is not found in any of the mentioned dictionaries.

The variability of the combined and hyphenated spelling of the negatonym by different authors is noteworthy.

1.1.1.4 PB: adjective

In this group, we combine adjectives and participles used as PB, expressing characteristic meanings; the possibility of attributing participles to this group is motivated by the fact that they call permanent static signs of subjects. The adjectivization of participles is also evidenced by the fact that negatonyms formed from them are written with the formant not together or separated by a hyphen.

(1) PB: an adjective referring to a personal quality or a feature of a person's worldview

Visible > Invisible (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 1004]};

Dependent > Independent (= ? ) ^{[14, pp. 847, 863]};

Known > Unknown (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 836]};

Fixable > Incorrigible (= Sergey Lvovich Wojciechowski) ^{[14, p. 304]};

Reliable > Unreliable (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 973]};

New > Not-New (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 863]};

Adjacent > Non-adjacent (= Grigory Leonidovich Lozinsky) ^{[14, p. 305]};

Despondent > Cheerful (= Lev Davidovich Trotsky) ^{[14, p. 306]}.

Negatonyms of this group are self-characteristics of the authors, expressing their perception of their personal qualities and worldview. These pseudonyms focus readers' attention on various features that are united by the fact that all of them, according to the authors, are important for creating an image of an author using a pseudonym. At the same time, we are mainly talking about the signs that determine the relationship between the author and society.

(2) PB: an adjective with the meaning of a characteristic of a person's place of residence

Local > Non-local (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 828]};

Local > Non-local (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 828]}.

The nomination Non-local (Non-Local) is based on the use of the deictic word local, which comes from the pronominal adverb here. The deictic word "here" in Russian is often used to formalize the concept of "one's own", that is, to distinguish between belonging to a particular society and/or territory or alienation from them. The word otherworldly has the meaning of "not local", "not belonging to this place". The author using this pseudonym declares his non-belonging to the surrounding society.

Attention is drawn to the variability of hyphenated and merged spelling of negatonyms Non-local and Non-local.

***

With regard to most negatonyms formed from adjectives, it can be said that they are associated with expressing the meaning of the authors' detachment from social or cultural norms and expectations. In our opinion, these words, being negative in form, reflect the authors' desire to emphasize their individuality by denying those qualities that they either do not recognize or intentionally deny in the context of social or personal standards.

1.1.1.5 PB: the pronoun

His own > Not his own (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 1002]}.

The negatonym is not a self-characteristic of the author, reflecting his perception of himself in the context of the concept of "one's own" vs. "someone else's". This negatonym emphasizes the feeling of alienation, the lack of belonging to the world in which the author finds himself.

1.2 The combination of significant words and a negative particle is not

Formally, the pseudonyms belonging to group 1.2 are ambiguous combinations, however, in our opinion, they should be classified as one-word negatonyms: in this case, the particle does not act as a PB, but as a word-forming formant. The same is said by the fact that the spelling of some of them is variable (cf. Non-diplomat and Non-diplomat, Non-reviewer and Non-reviewer).

1.2.1 Word-formation models with negative particle not and noun

1.2.1.1 PB: proper noun

(1) PB: first name or last name

Gu, Fo > Not Gu and not Fo (= ?) ^{[14, p. 914]}.

Judging by the use of capital letters in the negated components of the pseudonym, it can be assumed that Gu and Fo are proper names. However, to confirm this version of the origin of the pseudonym, it is necessary to have more information than is currently available.

1.2.1.2 PB: common noun

(1) PB: a noun that names a person according to their field of activity

Doctor > Not a doctor (= ?) ^{[14, p. 869]};

The diplomat > Not a diplomat (= ?) ^{[14, pp. 845, 878]};

Doctor > Not a doctor (= ?) ^{[14, p. 979]};

The inventor > Not an inventor (= ?) ^{[14, p. 875]};

The reviewer > Not a reviewer (= ?) ^{[14, pp. 963, 1024, 1039]};

Teacher > Not a teacher (= ?) ^{[14, p. 818]}.

The negatonyms of this group are self-characteristics of the authors, reflecting their perception of their professional affiliation.

Attention is drawn to the variability of writing Not a diplomat, Not a diplomat and Not a Diplomat, as well as Not a reviewer and Not a reviewer.

(2) PB: a noun that characterizes a person by their location

Bessarabian > Not Bessarabian (= ?) ^{[14, p. 850]}.

The PB of this negatonym indicates the location: "Bessarabia has always been a multinational territory, where Moldovans (Romanians), Ukrainians, Russians and other peoples lived. Today, the region retains its historical significance and cultural heritage, remaining an important part of the historical and geographical map of Eastern Europe" ^{[20, p. 381]}. At the same time, I.F. Masanov's Dictionary indicates that the pseudonym Bessarabian, which was used by composer and publisher L. Idzikovsky in the 1910s ^{[21, p. 206]}. Thus, it is necessary to recognize the possibility of a variable interpretation of the negatonym Not Bessarabian, as indirectly indicated by the spelling of the motivator of this pseudonym with a capital letter.

1.3 Prefix-suffix methods

1.3.1 Word-formation models with the prefix without and the suffix -n-

The negatonyms considered in this section are formally adjectives, however, in the context of their use by the authors, they function as substantivants. This phenomenon is caused by the semantic and pragmatic aspects of language use, which allows these words to acquire the status of independent nominative units.

1.3.1.1 PB: common noun

(1) PB: a noun with the meaning of housing

Dom > Homeless (= Sergey Pospekhov) ^{[14, p. 109]}.

The negatonym Homeless indicates the lack of permanent housing, which probably indicates the author's social disorder, or at least the image of the author that he seeks to create.

(2) PB: a noun with the meaning of party affiliation.

Party > Nonpartisan (= ?) ^{[14, p. 929]};

Party > Non-partisan (= Alexander Ivanovich Tsakoni) ^{[14, p. 112]}.

The negatonyms Nonpartisan and Nonpartisan indicate a lack of affiliation to any party, which can be perceived as a refusal to participate in the political life of society (cf. with the negatonym Non-affiliated).

Attention is also drawn to the variability in the spelling of the prefix without / without in the negatonyms Party-free and Non-Party.

1.3.2 Word-formation models with the prefix za- and the suffix -h-

The possibility of attributing words formed in this way to negatonyms, in our opinion, is motivated by the presence of their connotative meaning, including negation (the pseudonym Foreign means not only "the one who is abroad (Homeland)", but also "the one who is not at home" and under.).

1.3.2.1 PB: common noun

(1) PB: a noun with the meaning of location

Abroad (abroad) > Foreign (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 815]}.

The Foreign negatonym reflects the author's perception of himself as a person who is currently not in his homeland, but in a place that is alien to him.

2. Ambiguous negatonyms

Ambiguous negatonyms include at least two words. We indicate those of them that are "subject" to denial as PB.

2.1 Prefixed methods

2.1.1 Word-formation models with the prefix non-

2.1.1.1 PB: proper noun

(1) PB: last name

Krylov > Nekrylov, Vl (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 999]};

Krylov > Nekrylov, Vlad. [Nekrylov, V.] (= Ilya Borisovich Khavkin) ^{[14, p. 304]}.

Russian Russian fabulist I. A. Krylov is one of the universally recognized classics of Russian literature. "The possibility of using these names as a base for the formation of negatonyms, in our opinion, indicates the special place they occupy in the minds of representatives of Russian culture.: these are well-known precedent names that evoke quite definite associations among readers, and therefore are possible to use as sources of negatonyms" ^{[22, p. 171]}.

2.1.1.2 PB: adjective

(1) PB: an adjective with the meaning of a person's characteristic

Pokorny > Nepokorny, M. (= Mikhail Arkadievich Sopotsko-Syrokomlya) ^{[14, p. 305]};

Understandable > Incomprehensible woman (= Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin) ^{[14, p. 305]};

Despondent > A cheerful Russian (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 1024]}.

Attention is drawn to the pseudonym of M. A. Osorgin, an Incomprehensible woman, whose correlation with the writer's gender shows the absurdity of this nomination, which is an example of a vivid author's language game. It is noteworthy that the writer's surname, Osorgin, is actually a pseudonym of M. A. Ilyin (see ^{[23, p. 707]}).

(2) PB: an adjective with the meaning of belonging to a political system

Soviet > Non-Soviet economist (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 878]}.

(3) PB: an adjective with the meaning of expression of will

Free > Involuntary citizen of Riga (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 989]};

Free > Involuntary Turkestan (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 1004]}.

In both cases, the negatonyms indicate that the author's current location (Riga, Turkestan) is forced.

(4) PB: an adjective with the meaning of a person's fame

Known > Unknown, Evert (= Nikita Andreevich Krylov) ^{[14, p. 303]}.

***

As the above examples show, negatonyms formed from PB, which include adjectives, name a wide variety of characteristics – from the political views of the authors to their personal qualities.

2.1.1.3 PB: adverb

(1) PB: an adverb with a time value

A long time ago > Recently escaped (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 815]}.

In combination with the substantive, the escaped adverb recently indicates that the author of the pseudonym did not voluntarily become an emigrant some time ago.

2.1.1.4 PB: phraseology

(1) phraseology with the meaning of a person's characteristic

Ivan, not remembering kinship > Not remembering, Ivan (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 828]}.

This negatonym is formed on the basis of the phraseological unit Ivan, who does not remember kinship: "In tsarist Russia, escaped convicts, hiding their past, hid their real name and surname, called themselves Ivan and said they did not remember kinship; the police recorded them as "not remembering kinship", hence their nickname "Ivan Nepomnyashchy"" ^{[24, p. 235]}.

2.2 Prefix-suffix methods

2.2.1 Word-formation models with the prefix without- and the suffix -h-

2.2.1.1 PB: common noun

(1) PB: a noun with the meaning of a person's emotional state

Sadness > Bespechalny, Andrey (= Alexander Vladimirovich Bobrishchev-Pushkin) ^{[14, p. 112]}.

(2) PB: a noun with the meaning of housing

Dom > Homeless, Kuzma (= Kuzma Nikolaevich Pelekhaty) ^{[14, p. 109]};

Dom > Homeless, Lev (= Lev Fedorovich Mansvetov) ^{[14, p. 109]};

Dom > Pospekhov-Bezdomny, Sergey (= Sergey Pospekhov) ^{[14, p. 109]}.

Interestingly, the negatonyms Homeless and Bespechalny refer to essentially opposite social characteristics of a person: the pseudonym Homeless, in our opinion, reports not only the lack of housing, but also the social isolation of the author, while the pseudonym Bespechalny reports the social adaptability of the author, able to overcome the adversities of life.

2.2.2 Word-formation models with the prefix za- and the suffix -h-

2.2.2.1 PB: common noun

(1) PB: a noun with the meaning of location

Abroad (abroad) > Zarubezhnaya, M. (= ? ) ^{[14, p. 1024]}.

The negatonym Foreign, M. indicates that the author is not currently in his native country. Unlike the semantically similar negatonym Overseas, the negatonym Overseas is used in the feminine form, which is a rather rare grammatical characteristic of negatonyms.

Conclusion

Based on the conducted research, the following conclusions can be drawn.

1. One-word negatonyms are used more often than ambiguous ones (55 one-word and 16 ambiguous ones). The formation of monosyllabic and ambiguous negatonyms in most cases is associated with the negation of words of the same partial affiliation (most often common nouns – 34 monosyllabic and 5 ambiguous, proper nouns – 8 monosyllabic and 2 ambiguous, adjectives – 10 monosyllabic and 7 ambiguous) and the use of the same word-forming formants (most often prefixes are not 43 one–word and 11 ambiguous), while often negating the same adjective words (cf. Cheerful and Cheerful Russian, Unknown and Evert Unknown, Homeless and Kuzma Homeless, Foreign and M. Foreign).

2. The motivation of the negatonyms of the authors of "Russian Abroad in Europe (1917 – 1945)" ^[14] is associated with the denial of a number of typical meanings expressed by PB, and above all, it is noteworthy that many of them are somehow related to the implementation of the concept of "one's own" vs. "alien": in one's own Using a pseudonym, the author implements the idea of isolation from "his" world, alienation from the world in which he is at the moment (Not Lazy), restlessness (Homeless, Kuzma Homeless). In the vast majority of cases, this is due to the spatial localization of the author (Non-local, Non-Local), while the "starting point" in this regard is the former, but still thought of as "one's own" space (Non-Moscow, Foreign, M. Foreign, Non-returnee, Non-returnee). It is indicated that the transfer to the "alien" world did not happen voluntarily (an involuntary citizen of Riga, an Involuntary Turkestan, who recently fled). In some cases, the authors construct negatonyms that deny the real state of affairs (Non-foreigner, Non-emigrant).

3. Another feature of the composition of the negatonyms of the authors of the Russian emigration of the first wave is that many of them reflect their political views. At the same time, two directly opposite tendencies are revealed: the authors indicate their political preferences (Non-communist, Non-Young Russian, Non-monarchist) or they emphasize their apolitical nature (Non-politician, Non-political, Non-affiliated, Non-Partisan, Non-Partisan). In some cases, the political views of the authors are established as connotations associated with the denial of belonging to the social institutions of Soviet power (Nenarkom, Non-Soviet economist).

4. In some cases, the motivation of negatonyms looks ambiguous (see Not Gu and not Fo, Not Bessarabian) and requires special study.

5. In some cases, the creation of a negatonym allows the author to show his ability to create words. In our opinion, the most striking examples of the author's language game are the negatonyms Ne-Bukva, Ne-Karinsky, Ne-Krasov, and the Incomprehensible Woman: in constructing them, the authors used various resources of the Russian language.

6. The formation of negatonyms is characterized by graphical variability: fused vs are possible. hyphenated vs. separate spelling (cf. Otherworldly and Non-local, Non-political and Non-politician, Non-diplomat and Non-diplomat, Non-reviewer and Non-reviewer) and the use of lowercase vs. uppercase letters when writing a motivator (cf. Non-diplomat and Non-Diplomat, Non-theater-goer and Non-Theater-goer). The author's choice of one or another option, in our opinion, is related to his desire to focus the reader's attention on the motivator or to emphasize the unity of the word being formed.