Documenting the population records of the Department of the Kangalas (Leno-Aldan) Tungus clans for 1768-1917.

Vinokurov Aleksandr Danilovich ORCID: 0000-0001-8925-8750 Junior research fellow at IHRISN SB RAS 677000, Russia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Petrovsky str., 1, office 410 ad.vinokurov@yandex.ru Other publications by this author     Vinokurova Ol'ga Egorovna PhD in Pedagogy Associate Professor; Institute of Physical Culture and Sports; Northeastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov 677013, Russia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Kulakovsky str., 48, office 284 olgvin@mail.ru Other publications by this author     Gogoleva Daiana Aisenovna Junior Researcher; Department of Encyclopedistics; GBU 'Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 677000, Russia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Ordzhonikidze str., 10, office 405 creta12@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Prokopieva Nyurguiaana Innokentyevna Junior Researcher; Department of Encyclopedistics; GBU 'Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 677000, Russia, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Ordzhonikidze str., 10, office 405 nyurtolli@mail.ru Other publications by this author

With the entry of Yakutia into the Russian state in 1632, the period of its written history began in connection with integration into the orbit of state, economic and social relations. Military men and Cossacks have repeatedly taken measures to account for the yasach taxable population, which are reflected in the books of the yasach collection, investigations about the yasach shortage, salary books and paintings of the sable treasury ^{[2, p.4]}. Of course, these documents reveal the light on the ancestral composition, places of settlement and native pagan names, but, unfortunately, they do not have detailed information about the family composition of families.

The materials of 1 (1718-1727), 2 (1743-1747) and partially 3 (1761-1767) population audits have not been preserved in the funds of federal and regional archives, in this regard, the chronological framework of the study covers the time period from 1768 to 1917. The lower boundary is connected with the materials of the third revision of the population of the Yakutsk region of the Irkutsk province of the Russian Empire. The upper border coincides with the All-Russian Agricultural Population Census of 1917 conducted on the eve of the events of the October Revolution. The paper uses such concepts as "Tunguses" (peoples who spoke Tungusic-Manchurian languages, in particular modern Evenks), "yasashnye" (yasachnye) and "foreigners", which had wide political and legal application in the office work of pre-revolutionary Russia ^{[1, p.117]}.

The geographical scope of the study is limited to the area of residence of the Tunguska clans, subordinated to the department of the Kangalas Tunguska clans, which carried out its activities until 1918. Historically, the population was localized within the nomadic boundaries of two groups: 1) Leno-Vilyuiskaya (part of the 1st Shologonsky, 2nd Shologonsky and part of the Nurbatsky clans); 2) Leno-Aldanskaya (1st, 2nd, 3rd Beldetsky, Buyagirsky, Myakyagirsky, 1st, 2nd Shologonsky, Nurbagatsky clans).

A set of archival documents on the accounting of the Tunguska population of the Kangalassky Tunguska Clan Council was deposited in the funds of the Heads of seven Kangalassky wandering Tunguska clans (F.I158), the Yakut Spiritual Consistory (F.I226), the Yakut Statistical Committee (F.I343) and the Yakut Regional Treasury (F.I349) of the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The nomadic lifestyle of the Tungus, associated with commercial hunting and reindeer husbandry, did not imply the presence of stationary settlements, thereby significantly complicating the accurate calculation of the population. Nevertheless, the personal accounting of the taxable rural population was conducted very successfully and acquired its own specific features. The main array of archival sources is represented by the materials of audit fairy tales (1768, 1795, 1816, 1850, 1858 years), census lists (1897), family lists (1907-1908) and agricultural census sheets (1917). However, the 1917 census The information on the Tunguses of the Kangalas genera has not been fully preserved, and in this regard, official collections of summary statistical data have been reviewed. A separate and important array of documents of the church records of the Yakut ecclesiastical consistory contains metric books and confessional murals.

With the release in 1822 of the charter "On the Management of foreigners" in the 1820s and 1830s, the Board of Kangalas Tunguska clans was formed to carry out the functions of management, population registration and collection of yasak. Heads (chapters) The councils were elected from among the Tungus themselves at general gatherings of tribal elders and elders of all Tunguska clans included in the Council. This order of self-government was maintained until 1917. However, the Tunguses, on the basis of the Charter, were not limited and were not assigned to one council, and could, by the verdict of tribal gatherings (suglan), transfer to other Tunguska councils or to other taxable estates.

The 4th revision (1768)

The materials of the audit tales of the 4th population census were related to the activities of the laid commission of 1768 ^[3] (in folklore, the Miron Commission). At the time of the audit, the Tunguses of the future Board of Kangalas families already lived in the territory of central Yakutia, but at the same time continued to pay yasak in the department of Verkhnevilyuysky and Olekminsky prisons. The commission under the leadership of collegiate assessor Miron Martynovich Cherkasheninov, taking into account the fact of geographical remoteness from the original places of payment of yasak, transferred Tunguses of seven genera to the department of the future Yakut district. Subsequently, the tunguses of seven genera became known as "suburban". The compiled audit tale contained three columns: 1) number (serial number); 2) Names and nicknames; 3) Summer. There are names of princes by birth (ancestors). Unfortunately, the audit did not take into account female persons. The summary of the audit is shown in table 1.

Table 1.

In the case, there is information about the amount of taxable income for each genus. The personal names of the Yakut people are mainly represented by Tungusic (Evenk), and a small number of Yakut and Christian names.

5th revision (1795)

At the moment, it is impossible to determine with accuracy whether the audit tale was compiled as a single document, or the scattered sheets were filed later. This revision contains information about merchants, burghers, household people, peasants of Bayagantai parish and Tunguses ^[4]. It should be emphasized that the tunguses of the future Kangalassky and Aldano-May departments are taken into account together, but described separately by their genera. However, a clarifying entry about the district appeared in the name of the genera, for example, the Buyagir Tunguska clan of the Irkutsk province, the Yakut region and the district of Kangalassky ulus. The compiled audit tale contained four columns: 1) No. (serial number); 2) Names and nicknames; 3) Summer; 4) Without a title (used for notes). There are names of princes by birth (ancestors). Unfortunately, the audit also did not take into account female persons. The summary of the audit is shown in table 2.

Table 2.

Comparing the data of the revision of 1795 with the previous one of 1768, the decrease of 113 summer souls is noticeable. Perhaps this fact is connected with the migration of most of the Burugat family, since in 1795 there were only 17 yasakers from this family within the Kangalas district, and in 1768 there were 316 people. Along with this, it was not possible to establish the names of the princes of the Shologon family and one of the Beldet families. In the Nenigan family, only the foreman is indicated.

The 7th revision (1816)

It contains information about 18 Tunguska genera roaming within the Yakut district, including 6 genera of Kangalas Tunguses. The audit accounting of cash was carried out from March to April 1816 ^[5]. According to A.A. Pashinin's description: "The fairy tale form for the first time introduced a two–sided format for filling in information: on the left - for men, on the right – for women. This type of form was valid for all subsequent censuses, including the 10th, 1857-1859. The columns were filled in for men: 1) family number; 2) installation data; 3) according to the last revision, "consisted of and after it arrived", age; 4) dropped out of that number, when exactly; 5) now there is age. Graphs were provided for women: 1) family number; 2) background information; 3) "in temporary absence", from a certain time; 4) now there is an age." ^{[12, p.83]}. In the audit tales there are the names of princes and the imprints of the seals of the tribal administrations. Due to the missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church, many Tungus (Evenks) had already been Christianized by the time of the census. The summary of the audit is shown in table 3.

Table 3.

The forms of the Nenigan (Nurmagan) genus for 7 revisions are incomplete, some pages are missing, and therefore it is not possible to establish the exact number of persons of both sexes. At the same time, there is no mention of the Burugatsky and one of the Beldetsky genera in the audit, they may have been assigned to one of the above genera, or the audit forms for them have not been preserved.

The 9th revision (1850)

It was issued in a separate case, the forms of the forms for some improvements repeat the forms of the 7th revision ^[6]. The audit contains information about five former genera of the Kangalas Tunguska department. The summary of the audit is shown in table 4.

Table 4.

As can be seen from the table, two Shologonian genera were merged into one, and another, the 3rd Beldet genus, appeared. A part of the Nikagirsky (Myakyagirsky) department of the Aldano-May city council joined the Kangalas city Council among 13 souls. There is information about the movement of part of the yasach tunguses outside Yakutia to the Nerchinsk district.

The 10th revision (1858)

The results of the 10th revision were formed into one case for 28 Tunguska clans of the Yakut and Vilyui districts ^[7]. In the case there are audit tales of seven tribal departments of the Department of the Board of Kangalas families. The summary of the audit is shown in table 5.

Table 5.

Due to the absence of its own headman in the Nikagir family, in the audit tale of the Nikagir family, information about the available composition of the audit souls was certified by Boris Likhanov, the head of the Kangalas family Council and the headman of the Buyagir family.

The General Population Census of 1897

In 1897, the Population Census of the Russian Empire took place. Short forms of the census forms with incorrect end dates have been preserved, after reviewing all the sheets, it was concluded that some of the sheets were missing ^[8]. The summary statistical materials of this census are reflected in the works of S.K. Patkanov ^{[11, 12]} and are shown in Table 6.

Table 6.

As the table shows, by 1897 there were two Shologonian genera. There has been a decrease in the population in the Buyagirsky genus.

Family list of 1907

It was deposited in the fund of the Administration of the Kangalas Tunguska clans, in its appearance it is a document of a regional statistical survey. It contains information about the family composition and age of the registered persons ^[9]. Unfortunately, due to the presence of numerous edits to the text of the list, apparently made after some time, the lack of information on some genera (for example, the 2nd Shelogonsky), it is not possible to make a complete calculation of the available population by the Board.

The All-Russian Agricultural Census of 1917

By the decree of the Provisional Government in 1917, an agricultural, land and urban population census was carried out in Russia. Summary census data on the Kangalas Tunguses are reflected in the work of M.P. Sokolov "Yakut province according to the census of 1917" ^{[13, p.23]} (Table 7).

Table 7.

Compared with the results of the 1895 census (1,497 people), the 1917 census (1,085 people) shows a decrease in the total population by 412 people. Nevertheless, 343 people of both sexes were registered in the separated Nyurbagan-Chinsky (92 people) and 2nd Shologonsky (251 people) villages of the West Kangalassky ulus. At the same time, a number of documents have been deposited in the documents of the National Archive of the RS(Ya) indicating the transfer of part of the Tungus of the Kangalas department in the period 1897-1917 to permanent residence in the Tungus department of the May department, in the Yakut villages of the Yakut district and adjacent regions such as the Irkutsk and Amur regions.

Thus, based on the above information, it can be stated that the registration of the population of the Kangalas Tunguska clans was carried out on time and was timely and systematic. The information contained in the audit tales and reports on the procedure for collecting the nomadic population on a certain day and place indicates a high level of organizational work of the head of the Council and the founders. At the same time, the Administration, despite the nomadic lifestyle of the population, collected very reliable information and kept records of their relatives who migrated to other regions.