Constructions with a secondary union connection in the Russian dialects of the Amur region

Khe Tsze ORCID: 0009-0009-7317-497X Postgraduate student; Higher School of Russian Philology; Pacific State University 680001, Russia, Khabarovsk Territory, Khabarovsk, Montazhny lane, 5, sq. 5 heshelize@yandex.ru

1. Introduction

The article is devoted to syntactic constructions with a secondary conjunction in the Russian dialects of the Amur region, which is organized by elementary compositional unions "but", "a", "and", "yes". In the case of a secondary connection, "the union expresses the relationship between words that have already entered into a combination through word forms" ^{[12, pp. 89-90]}. For example: he came, but late (he came late); champagne, but with ice (champagne with ice); an adult, but teases (an adult teases); sings, and loudly (sings loudly), etc.

The choice of these structures as the object of description is due to the following reasons. Constructions with a secondary conjunction (hereinafter referred to as FAC) reflect a tendency towards an increasing differentiation of the communicative meanings of speech transmitted using means of syntactic communication. Russians Russian literary language is widely used in this process (see: 4; 7; 17], etc.). Studying the FAC in dialects, in this case the Amur dialects, will allow, as we believe, to see these processes from the very foundation of the national Russian language – the vernacular, which, in turn, will help better understanding of the FAC and within the framework of the literary language. This also determines the choice of constructions with elementary conjunctions as the oldest means of communication in the morphological and syntactic system of the Russian language.

The secondary union connection has not yet been a direct object of research, not only in the RSE, but also in works devoted to Russian dialects in general. Based on this, the relevance of the article is determined by the need to study the FAC in the Russian dialects of the Amur region. An additional aspect of the description is their comparison with similar constructions in modern Russian literary language.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the concept of the Far Eastern Syntactic School ^[23], which consists in a multi-faceted description of the official words of the Russian language, including conjunctions, based on the syntactic constructions (constructions) in which they participate. It is represented primarily in the fundamental works of A. F. Paladkina (see ^{[12, pp. 89-109; 13, pp. 103-106]}, etc.), as well as in the works of other representatives of the Far Eastern Syntactic School and their followers (see: ^{[2; 4; 7; 17; 22; 24]} and others).

2. Material and methods

This article is a continuation of the description of the compositional means of communication in the Russian dialects of the Amur region that we started ^[3], which is carried out both at the morphological-syntactic and communicative-pragmatic levels. The Russian dialects of the Amur region (hereinafter referred to as the RSE) are an amalgam of the "maternal trans-Baikal dialects of the 19th century" ^{[14, p. 7]} (see also: ^{[5; 10; 11]}). Russian Russian dialects of the Amur region are currently being studied in two editions of the Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur Region. The article presents language material from the second edition of the dictionary ^[19], which is based on the revised and expanded first ^[18]. In addition, the electronic version of this dictionary is used as a search resource in the article ^[20]. Examples of sentences-utterances with FAC from the literary language were obtained through the "National Corpus of the Russian Language" ^[9].

3. Discussion of the results

Russian Russian literary language Let us first consider the facts of the functioning of the FAC in the modern Russian literary language, and then compare it with the FAC in the Russian dialects of the Amur region. Such a comparison should provide a more visual and comprehensive picture of the phenomenon under study.

3.1. The FAC in the modern Russian literary language

In modern Russian literary language, FACS are organized by all elementary compositional conjunctions: the connective "and", the oppositional "a", "but", as well as the conjunction "yes" in both uses (connective and oppositional).

1. The connective conjunction "and" connects word forms that are semantically and syntactically homogeneous (day and night, blue and red, read and wrote, etc.) or are in causal relationships (knocked and entered, overslept and was late). I. N. Kruchinina notes that the union of "and" itself conveys this in a very general, extremely abstract form and in itself does not inform in any way about the internal relationship of actions, for example, about their mutual temporal orientation" ^{[6, p. 20]}.

As part of the FAC, the connective meaning of "and" weakens somewhat, and various shades of an amplifying nature (measures and degrees, temporality, locality, characterization, etc.) come to the fore.:

"The band "Gentle May" did not sound at discos, but the "Time Machine", on the contrary, sounded, and with might and main" (Izvestia, 2002.11.24), In fact, there is an undercurrent here, and powerful (L. Danilkin. Circular detours); Strepetov stopped, and on time. He's had enough of wives (V. Makanin. An outlet); Therefore, it is necessary to change the place of residence, to change, and urgently. (P. Galitsky. Dangerous collection); – I'll introduce you to the girls, we have a brass band dancing at the club, and a drum (P. Proskurin. Fate).

In the context of these propositions, the conjunction "and" focuses on the simultaneity of events.

2. Experts distinguish the meanings of "abnormal consequence" and "deceived expectation" in the negative conjunction "but" ^{[21, 171-206]}. In FAC, this "but" semantics is generally preserved, however, various shades of compliance (substitutivity, compensatory, quantification, etc.) are actualized.:

– You're probably thinking: "What kind of library is this if there are no more books?" There are books, but in capsules (Schrodinger's Cat, 2017); – During the regular revolutions, the reign was generally canceled, but not for long (Brownie, 2002.02.04); This red-haired boy Korytin and before I saw it, but only briefly (B. Ekimov. Pinochet); I walked around the studio in the costume of the emperor. Oncoming people looked back, but rarely (p. Dovlatov. Suitcase); If you let them all take turns driving in the same car, there will be a difference, but not much ("Russian Reporter", № 22 (200), 2011). And so on.

There is a design, but the capsules suggest that the listener change their initial choice. I saw the designs, but only briefly; they were canceled, but not for long; they looked back, but rarely limit the frequency and duration of events. In turn, there will be a design, but a small one limits the size or magnitude of something.

3. There are several semantic components in the meaning of the conjunction "a". V. Z. Sannikov considers three: "a" inconsistencies; "a" comparisons; "a"connective, or generalizing" ^{[16, pp. 266-267]}. In FACS with this union, as a rule, the semantic shades of "a" inconsistency (regret, admiration, reproach, etc.) are explicated.:

Dasha underestimated Max's love of life and his cunning wit, but in vain. (N. Chernykh Weak, strong), the High military authorities ignore this interest, but in vain. (I. Nikolaev. The general's last order), And to you, the same thing, advice: drink, but without snacks (V. Shukshin. Stoves, benches). Etc.

The lexemes "in vain" and "in vain" already express reproach or regret by virtue of their semantics, depending on the context, but in interaction with the conjunction "a" this semantics is further strengthened: but in vain, but in vain. As for the construction of drinking without snacks, the background information informs the listener that drinking without snacks is harmful to health, although this does not negate the harm of alcoholism as such.

4. The conjunction "yes", depending on the morphological and syntactic composition of the construction, as is known, can express two types of syntactic connection: connective and contrastive. Therefore, "on the one hand, it is a kind of indicator of relations of similar, identical, analogous, on the other – an indicator of relations of different, non-identical, non-analogous ^{[15, p. 68]}. The main role in this process is played by the lexical content of the parts of the sentence associated with the conjunction "yes", because it is on the basis of this that the types of its use are distinguished.

When expressing a connective connection in FAC, the conjunction "yes", like the conjunction "and", expresses emotionally expressive shades of an amplifying character.:

But Kostya is genuinely outraged by this decision – he should have gone on and on, but faster (Report on a bicycle trip (2001)); For how many years this bright one has not lambed, but we immediately embraced, and twins (F. Abramov. Grass-ants); Ah, that's what tourists you are! – the driver smiled for the first time. Get in, but be careful (S. Golitsyn. For birch books). Etc.

When expressing oppositional relations in the conjunction "yes", as well as the conjunction "but", it introduces various concessive shades into the construction.:

Yes, I've been trying to wake you up for a long time, but it's a pity (A. Berseneva. Flying over separation); And now?! They missed me, but it's too late. So what's there to congratulate! (T. Korobyina. Diary), the grandmother cried, screamed, and the grandfather reasoned with her: "You shout, but in moderation. (Permskiy Stroitelei, 02/28/2003), etc.

These are, in general, the features of the use of FAC with elementary compositional unions in modern Russian literary language.

3.2 KVS in the Russian dialects of the Amur region

Let's consider the features of the functioning of the FAC with the unions "but", "a", "yes", "and" in the RSE. The analysis was carried out using both the print edition of the SRGP ^[19] and its electronic version ^[20]. Only the interpositional arrangement of unions was taken into account. As a result, one hundred and fifty uses of the conjunction "but" and about three hundred of the conjunction "yes" (in both meanings) were identified. As for the conjunctions "and" and "a", the difficulty in identifying their frequency was that these lexemes are actively used in the SRG not only in the speech of dialect speakers, but also when presenting grammatical material, as well as when interpreting the meanings of words. With this in mind, we have determined its lower limit – within two thousand uses of each conjunction, respectively, which, as we believe, is at this stage of our general research (description of the compositional means of communication in the Russian Language) quite sufficient to obtain basic information about the functioning of the FAC in the Amur dialects.

The main surprise for us was that the results obtained, indicating the frequency of FAC in the RSE, turned out to be significantly lower than expected. The most common were FACS with the conjunction "but", although they were identified only within ten indisputable examples. And this is despite the fact that there are fewer sentences with the union "but" recorded in the SRGP in comparison with other unions (see above).

The meaning of the identified FACS with "but" is generally the same as in the literary language – opposable with various shades of compliance.:

Dip a ladle into the leaves and you'll get a pear-shaped jar, it's like bread, but made from buckwheat (Union. Oct.); Elma is called atsia, a subspecies of killer whale, yellow. She's a big one, caught in the seine. I got there, but not enough (Pask. Irradiation); Walking through a meadow, there was a swamp, but not deep, overgrown with flowers – this is a caltus (Jl. Square); Carp is a subspecies of catfish, but not very tasty (Kn–Kst.); A brush is good, but with greenery (Alb. Square); Grabarki were built: an ordinary cart, but not a ramshackle one (Far from Square).

Several facts with the conjunction "yes" are also revealed.:

My father-in-law was a drunkard, but some kind of tights (Serg. Blag.); My eldest grandson is in the ninth grade, he's a calm boy, but he's so savvy (Lerm. There.); He shot twice, but missed, and the wolf was lyskat, lyskat with his teeth (Black. Magd.).

It is noteworthy that the FACS with the unions "but" and "yes" reflect the communicative and pragmatic realities of work and everyday life of dialect speakers: agricultural (bread, but made from buckwheat), the environment (swamp, but not heavy), vehicles (cart, but not a ramshackle), commercial (shot, but missed), etc.

At the same time, there is practically no data on FACS with the conjunction "and" in the SRG, although its frequency is an order of magnitude higher than that of "but" and "yes". There is only one example of this conjunction in our file, where it is used in combination with the pronominal word form "that", and this despite the fact that a number of researchers consider this compound to be independent unions (see: ^{[16, pp. 280-282; 17]}, etc.):

Some of them, I call them a big family, don't have beds to sleep in (Alb. Square).

FACS with the conjunction "yes" have also not been identified.

However, the biggest surprise lies in the fact that we have not recorded FACS with the union "a" in the materials of the SRGP, which, given its high frequency as well as that of the union "I", but at the same time its relation to the opposing means of communication (like the union "but"), requires certain conclusions.

We do not exclude the presence of FACS with the conjunction "a" in the RSE as a whole (as well as with the connectives "and", "yes"), because the empirical material available to us at this stage of the study from the RSE and, to some extent, the relative search criteria in it allow certain statistical errors, but nevertheless we formulate our understanding of the problem is based on what is currently available. The meaning of the conjunction "a", as you know, on the one hand, is in contact with the meaning of "but", and on the other – with the conjunction "and". However, if the conjunction "but" already "contains a shade of concession in the structure of the lexical meaning" ^{[8, p. 128]}, then the conjunction "a" requires an appropriate contextual actualization of this meaning, i.e. the conjunction "a", by virtue of its "intermediate position, can be synonymous with "and" or "but" in depending on the quantitative side of the observed differences" ^{[1, p. 38]}. This is also pointed out by E. V. Uryson, noting that the meaning of the conjunction "a" "seems to dissolve in the context" ^{[21, p. 207]}.

Based on this, it can be assumed that the union "a" lacks the semantics of restriction in the linguistic picture of the world of RSE speakers, and this union in their speech is more connective-comparative than contrastive-comparative. This conclusion is also true for the conjunction "and", as well as the "yes" connective. Thus, the main expression of the secondary union connection in the RSE, based on the data of the RSE, is the union "but", which is facilitated by its opposing semantics, and the FAC themselves are carriers of the opposing-yielding relations in the RSE.

4. Conclusion

Russian Russian dialects of the Amur region were examined by comparing them with similar constructions of the modern Russian literary language. The results of the study confirmed the thesis that "secondary communication is an abstract grammatical model with wide functional capabilities" [Paladkina, 2019, p. 106]. At the same time, the feature of the functioning of FAC in Amur dialects that we have identified is their orientation towards contrastive and comparative semantics based on the conjunctions "but" and "yes" (= but) requires justification using new data. In this regard, in the perspective of further study of this issue, we see an appeal to the materials of the folklore-dialectological almanac "The Word" ^[11]. This almanac publishes various materials related, among other things, to the functioning of Amur dialects at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, which are not reflected in the publications of the SRGP. Russian Russian dialects The analysis of these materials will certainly help not only to understand more deeply and comprehensively the problem of the functioning of constructions with a secondary union connection in the Russian dialects of the Amur region, but will also contribute to the further study of Amur dialects as such, which, in turn, will contribute to a clearer understanding of them in the Russian national language system as a whole.