Lexical ways of designating the Internet in modern Russian: semantics, pragmatics, spelling

Dedova Ol'ga Viktorovna Doctor of Philology Professor; Faculty of Philology; Lomonosov Moscow State University 119234, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie gory str., 1 building 51 ov-dedova@yandex.ru

Podolskaya Valeriya Viktorovna applicant; Faculty of Philology; Lomonosov Moscow State University 119234, Russia, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1 building 51 artesua@gmail.com

Introduction

For several decades of its existence, the Internet has taken place not only as a technology, but also as a cognitive phenomenon. Currently, it has become a convenient and powerful communication channel for millions of users, the main source of information, a "place" for recreation and entertainment, etc. The ubiquity of Internet technologies has an impact on a wide variety of spheres of society, and this could not but be reflected in the language. The English language, the main source of Internet vocabulary, is also undergoing changes under the influence of electronic forms of communication. This is evidenced by works that explore issues related to the peculiarities of the language of online communication ^[1],[2], the entry of new vocabulary into modern explanatory dictionaries ^[3], the peculiarities of communication in social networks and chat rooms ^[4]. The development of minority languages and the role of the Internet in their preservation are also being investigated ^[5]. The impact of new technologies on language and society is so significant that a special area of linguistic research is currently being actively formed – the study of the so-called Internet language (see, for example, ^[6]).The term Netspeak (‘network language’) was first introduced into scientific use by the British linguist D. Crystal ^[7], currently a number of synonymous designations of this phenomenon are presented in the scientific literature: Internet Language (‘Internet language'), electronic discourse (‘electronic discourse'), computer-mediated communication (‘computer-mediated communication’) and others.

The importance of the Internet and aspects of its conceptualization are reflected in the vocabulary that names this phenomenon itself. Russian Russian The article examines the stages of the Internet lexeme's entry into the modern Russian language, the problems of its spelling regulation, synonymous ways of lexical designation of this phenomenon in modern Russian. The names of the Internet as a whole (as a global computer network), as well as its individual segments, are analyzed.

The main part. The entry of the Internet token into the modern Russian language and the problems of its writing

As computers and computer technology became more accessible, scientists worked on the problems of shared storage and remote exchange of information. Network computer technologies have been developing since about the beginning of the 60s of the last century, and the first project of this kind was the Arpanet network. Then in the 80s, the network acquired the name Internet. In 1989, T. Berners-Lee proposed the concept of WWW (World Wide Web), which was the beginning of the creation of modern network technologies for storing, searching and transmitting information. Thus, initially the Internet token entered the modern Russian language as an onym, but its language status changed quite quickly. The stages of the adaptation process (both the technology and its name) reflect the grammatical and graphic-spelling variability of the word: declination/ non–declination, female/male gender, writing in Cyrillic / Latin, with uppercase/lowercase letters, as well as its syntagmatics - the obligatory/optional combination with the network (cf. the original 'on the Internet' and modern ‘on the Internet'). As an example, let's quote one of the first articles devoted to the problems of Internet linguistics: "The very word Internet has not yet fully established the declension paradigm. Although it is perceived by the average native speaker of the Russian language as a masculine word, some of the computer specialists and Internet users who are guided by the norms of the English language still cannot come to terms with this and continue to perceive the Internet as an indescribable feminine noun" ^[8] (our italics, O.D., V.P.). Now The Internet functions in Russian as a masculine declension word and almost exclusively in Cyrillic spelling. According to the National Corpus of the Russian Language [http://www.ruscorpora.ru ], the variant of writing in Latin is noted until about the beginning of the 2000s (for example: "Maybe this is one of the characteristic features of an intellectual - to consciously transfer all the bodies of the outer space into the inner space and continue to conduct a dialogue with them ... according to the typological model of virtual reality Internet?", 1999). The greatest variability in the spelling of the token is associated with the use of an uppercase or lowercase initial letter. Currently, both variants are normative, which is recorded in the "Russian Spelling Dictionary" ^[9]. However, there is a tendency to increasingly use lowercase letters, which is reflected in the linguistic literature devoted to this topic (see, for example, ^[10],[11]). However, from our point of view, the capitalized spelling will not disappear, it will continue to be preserved, since the currently observed spelling variability of the Internet/Internet reflects the emerging ambiguity of this lexeme: ‘1) the name of a computer network based on technology providing for the HTTP data transfer protocol, HTML markup language, URL identifiers; 2) a global computer network that provides the possibility of remote information exchange.’ Discussing the spelling of the Internet token with a lowercase/uppercase letter, it is impossible not to touch on another problem. This noun has a homonym – an analytical adjective. The graphic design of complex words, which include an analytical adjective, should begin exclusively with a lowercase letter: an online store, an online portal, etc. ^[9].

The name of the Internet as a whole

Despite the fact that the Internet nomination is originally a proper name, it develops synonyms. The emerging synonymous series reflects the importance of reality in modern life. The appearance of neological nominations is caused by various reasons:

1. Conceptualization of the Internet phenomenon. Metaphorically, it is perceived as a parallel three-dimensional space, as a result of which the nominations cyberspace, cyberspace and under appear. This is also evidenced by the stable phrase the expanses of the Internet (for example, "A collection of free posters in good quality, collected from the Internet in one place"; "Often on the Internet you can find the abbreviation EQ when referring to emotional intelligence"), as well as the nomination internets in many parts (may express a negative assessment): "How the 'great World Wide Web' turned into 'these internets of yours'" (cf. in the woods, in the fields and under. as a designation for being in a specific space).

2. Linguistic reflection related to the formal adaptation of the Internet token. As a result, a neoplasm of the Internet appears. The nomination has practically lost its stylistic marking in modern usage (there is no stylistic litter in T. F. Efremova's dictionary ^[12]). Despite the formal analogy with the English i-net, participants in Internet communication perceive the Internet neoplasm as a way of adapting the Internet lexeme in Russian: "Internet is a natural abbreviation of the word Internet. It's too long, clumsy and tedious to say this three-step syllable word every time." In the dictionary edited by G. N. Sklyarevskaya, along with the Internet, the hyphenated spelling and-no is recorded, which has practically disappeared from the modern Russian-language usage ^[13]. Another derivative is the jargon of tyrnet, which is formed as a result of truncating the base "on the left", writing through S reflects the pronunciation norm of the phoneme <E> in the first prepressed syllable after hard consonants. The nomination may have an evaluative semantic component: "Today it will be exhaustingly sluggish"; ""It will be", for example, appeared as an ironic name for the Internet, which emphasized its not always reliable and stable operation." Note that jargon can also be used in the plural: "In the early 2010s, it was good for the reader in turnets, because it was considered normal not to accept the author's point of view and persistently promote his own ...".

As a result of the adaptation of the English-language name of the global network, the derivative internetwork (semantic tracing paper inter-net) is formed. Its use can express pragmatic meanings, for example, to contrast the Russian-speaking and English-speaking segments of the Internet (see below for the names of the segments): "That is, to write about love and devotion to one's Homeland and people, ... calling it someone else's word "patriotism" in the Internet, called by someone else's word "Internet" is it patriotic?"

In the same context, various slang designations of the Internet can be used: "It's easier with the Internet, they quickly noticed the subsidence of the channel, the right person was on the Internet just at that time."

Another common means of designating the Internet is the network token (semantic tracing paper of the English net). A number of contexts where this word is present in a neological meaning also reflect the conceptualization of the Internet, namely, it implements this 'forcible retention, unfreedom': "Dragged into the network: online banking captivated Russians" (cf. with the regular meaning of the network - "a device for catching fish, birds, etc., consisting of crisscrossing threads, fixed at equal intervals by nodes" ^[12]). Note that, like the Internet, the word in this sense can be written with a capital letter ("I found a brief history of the USSR on the Web"), and also used in the plural ("Look in the networks, there are articles about my songs and poems"). In some cases, the Anglicism no is used as a designation for the Internet, from which the Russian–language nomination network was formed ("Slowly lowering my feet to the floor, I thought - I need to stick out less on the net, my eyesight is no longer the same"). But according to our observations, unlike the Internet, the use of Anglicism is occasional, and it is stylistically labeled (jargon).

The phrase Internet, which is also a lexical way of referring to the global network, appears mainly in texts of an official business nature and is used, as a rule, with the preposition in: "In accordance with Article 152.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: if an image of a person obtained or used in violation of the law is posted on the Internet, a person may request the removal of this image." This phrase (with the quoted spelling Internet) is consistently used in the Federal Law "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" dated 07/27/2006 No. 149-FZ (as amended on 04/23/2018): "the site page on the Internet (hereinafter also referred to as the Internet page) is part of the site on the Internet, which is accessed by an index consisting of a domain name and characters defined by the site owner on the Internet."

The name of the Internet segments

As you know, the global network consists of many interconnected computer networks and devices. The so-called Internet segment is the level of its infrastructure. The main source for the formation of segment names are direct borrowings from the English language, which include net and web: deepnet, darknet, clearnet (from English deepnet, darknet, clearnet); deepweb, darkweb (from English deepweb, dark web), etc. As you know, these nominations are denotatively different: net (network) – the Internet as a whole, the web (web/web), or the so–called "world Wide Web" is a global information space using the HTTP data transfer protocol based on Internet technologies, i.e. part of the Internet. But in practice, the concepts are mixed: in Russian, the World Wide Web is becoming a way of referring to the Internet as a whole. In some cases, native speakers are aware of the metaphorical nature of this nomination: "Parents! Take care of your children! Help them not to get entangled in the web of the Internet!".

According to our observations, the phrase world Wide Web, which was popular at the turn of the century, is currently used mainly in texts devoted to the history of the Internet (for example, in the results of a lexical and grammatical search in the main body of the NCRE, the phrase world Wide Web is missing [https://ruscorpora.ru /]).

In the process of Russian-language calculus of net and web, the network token is actively used, which can transmit both Anglicisms (i.e., it is both the Internet as a whole and its part using specific data transmission technologies). As a result, the network acquires a stable syntagmatics in relation to the designation of Internet segments: shadow, visible, invisible ... network. In Russian, under the influence of English, these names metaphorically conceptualize the Internet as a three-dimensional space (deep / upper / surface network). A number of nominations reflect the degree of accessibility of the Internet sector: public Internet – clearnet (from English with lear n et), visible network (from English visible net); shadow segments of the Internet accessible through specialized browsers – darknet, deepnet, invisible network (from English invisible net), hidden network (from English hidden net). As can be seen from the above examples, Russian-language nominations (clean, dirty, deep, dark Internet, etc.), as well as c-web and no education (darkweb, deepnet, etc.) are used in parallel to designate segments of the Internet in modern usage. At the same time, the adaptation of concepts leads to the development of nominations that are not common in English the language. Russian customary lexemes that have undergone semantic derivation can retain antonymic oppositions implemented in their dictionary meanings. For example, there is a black/white Internet: "The Minister stressed that the "white Internet" is being created in support of the traditional education system"; "The black Internet is distinguished by prohibited transactions."

Internet names as affixoids

The considered Internet names tend to be affixoid. This is evidenced by both the "ease" of creating derivatives such as Internet acquaintance, Internet passion, etc., and the combined spelling observed in a number of cases: Internet store, Internet provider: "In Russia, the first online store opened a year after its American counterpart in 1995.", "Internetprovider offers reliable and fast ways to connect the Internet to the village of Istominka." According to the observations of a number of researchers, the relevance of this trend is increasing. Thus, O. V. Grigorenko writes: "Forming a peripheral zone of the semantic-derivational field of complex words, affixoidal neologisms-composites nevertheless demonstrate a variety of types, activity and frequency of use in different discourses" ^[14]. The formation of hybrid derivatives without interference is becoming an active model in modern Russian ^[15].

The word-formation productivity of net also allows us to talk about this Anglicism as a kind of suffixoid. Its word-formation meaning is ‘a segment of the Internet, whose specificity is indicated by the producing basis’. The process began with the formation of the neologism Runet, which stands for the Russian-language Internet. The nomination appeared in the late 90s as a result of the combination of the domain name .ru and .net, currently it has already entered dictionaries ^[13]. In this neologism, the domain name is certainly semantically significant and conveys "Russianness". The role of ru in the inner form of the word runet is played out in A. Voznesensky's poem "ru Poem": "I will collect a seventh part of the earth in my soul with a short name -ru...", "ru, where are you rushing to? Give me an answer! – on the Internet!". Following the runet, neoplasms of the Anglonet type began to actively form ("Anglonet, I hate you. at least the book can be downloaded safely on the Runet"), Americanet ("This is Americanet translated into Russian"), chinanet ("Runet and Chinanet were born at about the same time"), Italonet ("Italonet enjoys a recording of a telephone conversation posted online between the captain of the ill-fated Costa Concordia and the port of Livorno"), franconet ("Yes, and franconet is interesting to dig – Canada, Belgium and Switzerland are also there..."), etc. Note that in the above neologisms, formed as a result of the addition of the foundations, the first one is no longer formally associated with the national domain name. As the names of Internet segments, no can be connected not only with the names of countries and nationalities. For example, there is a detonet (safe Internet for children), a blogernet (Internet for bloggers), a doctornet (Internet for doctors), a bourgeois net (non-Russian Internet), etc. Also of interest is the name of the literary Internet competition "Tenet" (1994-2002), where the Russian-language word tenet is punningly combined ('1. nets for catching animals. 2. the same as the web’ ^[12]) and no.

Also, the tendency to affixoidy is demonstrated by the basis of the web (from the English web). Despite the fact that, in relation to the designation of Internet segments, the web and net are practically synonymous (cf. darknet/darkweb), acting as a prefix, the web implements a different semantics, namely, indicates that the object belongs to the field of Internet technologies (webcam, web provider, web browser, web link, web-page and under.). It is possible to write neologisms from the web (mostly direct borrowings from English): webinar, weblog, webmaker.

Conclusions

Based on the conducted research of the vocabulary denoting the Internet, the following conclusions were made:

1. The Internet token began to actively enter the modern Russian-language usage almost immediately from the moment of the emergence and global spread of WWW technology, that is, from the late 80s – early 90s of the last century. Being originally a proper name, it has undergone an active adaptation, both formal and semantic. The stages of its entry into modern Russian reflect the spelling options (abandoning the original use of quotation marks, writing in Cyrillic / Latin, with uppercase / lowercase letters).

2. Synonymous designations of the Internet are a consequence of the denotative significance of the phenomenon itself. Various mechanisms are involved in their education: word-formation derivation from a borrowed English-language onym (Internet, tyrnet), as well as from other bases (cyberspace, cyberset); semantic calculus (internetwork); semantic derivation of common Russian-language lexemes (network, web).

3. In parallel, nominations are developing for various segments of the Internet, the main difference between which is the degree of their accessibility. Both direct borrowing (darkweb, deepnet, clearnet) and semantic derivation of Russian-language usual lexemes are possible here. The juxtaposition of Internet segments according to their degree of accessibility preserves the antonymic correlations present in the usual meanings of words: superficial/deep, clean/dirty, black/white Internet, etc. It is also possible to contrast Internet segments based on national and linguistic characteristics. Nominations such as runet, anglonet, franconet and pod. they do not have a terminological status.

4. Some Anglicisms denoting the Internet, due to their widespread use and fairly free combination with Russian-language basics, show a tendency to affixity (Internet, web, -no).

5. English is the main source of Internet nominations. At the same time, modern Russian, adapting Anglicisms and the concepts they designate, shows a huge word-formation and cognitive potential.