Visual communicative behavior and gaze in the etiquette of the Kalmyks

Artaev Sergei Nikolaevich Doctor of Philology Associate Professor; Institute of Kalmyk Philology and Oriental Studies; B.B. Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University 358000, Russia, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Esambaeva str., 1 artaevsn@yandex.ru Shurungova Bolkha Alekseevna ORCID: 0000-0001-5064-0661 PhD in Philology Associate Professor; Institute of Kalmyk Philology and Oriental Studies; B.B. Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University 358000, Russia, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, 40A Nomto Ochirova str. bolha2009@yandex.ru Pyurbeev Grigorii Tserenovich Doctor of Philology Professor; Department of Linguistics; Kalmyk Scientific Research Institute 358000, Russia, Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Esambaeva str., 1 pyurbeev@yandex.ru

Bitkeev Petr TSedenovich Doctor of Philology Professor; Institute of Kalmyk Philology and Oriental Studies; B.B. Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University 358000, Russia, Kalmykia region, Elista, Gorky str., 18 bi.petr37@yandex.ru

To date, many scientific articles have been written and many studies have been conducted on the fact that some facial movements are nationally determined, inherent in representatives of one culture. This paper examines one of the highlights of Kalmyk non-verbal communicative behavior, namely the look or gesture of the eyes and visual signs. "Eyes and eye expressions play an important role not only in the non-verbal reflection of human emotions, but also in the transmission of other, meaningfully very diverse information. Today, there is no doubt that within the same culture and the same sign language, eye gestures, or visual signs, are unchangeable in the sense that they have a permanent meaning in them," writes G.E. Kreidlin in his research ^[1].

The gaze is directly related to speech, and is a means of establishing contact and gives a clear idea of the national mentality and national character of the Kalmyks.

However, different nations have different uses of the gaze. Labunskaya V.A. notes that: "Modern ethnographers say that all civilizations can be divided into two depending on the orientation of the gaze. Some people look into the other person's eyes when talking. These are Arabs, Latin Americans, and Europeans (although the duration of their gaze varies: for example, the Swedes and Russians look longer and more than, for example, the British). It is impolite for other peoples to look directly into the eyes, and therefore the gaze is directed to the side. If representatives of these two civilizations meet, then everyone understands the view in their own way"^[2].

Russian Russians' gaze directed directly into their eyes is perceived by many Eastern peoples as impoliteness, impertinence, and the look of these peoples to the side is perceived by Russians as shyness or unwillingness to be sincere. Thus, contact begins already at the non-verbal (non-verbal) level, and already at this level mutual misunderstanding of people of different cultures can begin ^{[3, 4]}.

It should also be noted that recently there have been studies proving that visual communicative behavior is gender-specific, obeys the rules of etiquette accepted in a particular linguistic culture and refers to important non-verbal signals ^[5]. "Between 80% and 90% of information is transmitted through cultural and gender-specific visual code. At best, misunderstanding and sometimes conflict in an intercultural communication act is associated with different norms of eye behavior," says the study by Dutova N.V.^[6].

The subject of research in this article is some gestural and mimic features of non-verbal communication and their role in the system of nationally specific stereotypes of Kalmyks behavior.

The purpose of this work is to study the national characteristics of the view.

The main research methods were: descriptive method, direct observation, and questionnaire method.

So what can a look mean in Kalmyks' behavior? Let's look at the types or types of gaze, using examples from literary texts.

In the Kalmyk language, there are a large number of phrases that can be used to identify various situations related to eye gesture, including stable phraseological combinations, such as shurun khalats "hard look": Zurgan Bulhash yir shurun khalatakhar, uurta baedltakhar harch [TH] "In the photo Bulgash came out with a hard look and very angry"; Kukna shurun khalatsas yahad zug ogd uralan harsn aldrsn uga [ZZ] "It did not escape the girl's hard gaze that only the old men came forward."

The look in the Kalmyks' communicative behavior can be cheerful and joyful, trusting and pure: Kovun hoorad zogsad, costumer khoir-hurv hormahar Dar, itkltah khalatsar directorig khalav [AB] "The boy straightened up, adjusted his suit several times, looked at the director with a trusting look."

It is very often possible to observe the direct gaze of the khoalats. This view performs important social and communicative functions, notes G.E. Kreidlin ^[1]. The addressee always pays attention to a direct look into the eyes, usually interpreting it as a look of challenge, as a hypnotic or aggressive look: Yir uralh, ho halatse kovun suuna [TH] "The boy was very agile, with a direct look."

Like the eyes, the gaze is often characterized in texts with the help of temperature adjectives, sometimes cold, expressing "alienation" or "aggressiveness", sometimes warm, conveying "sympathy" or "love". For example, a phrase like kiitn nudar khalakh letters. "to look with cold eyes" means that a person has an unfriendly, bad look and do not expect anything good from him: Orҗ irlәn es khalasn Sergey Filippovich, ode untrҗah ndan partorg tal zorulchksn, kiitn khalatsar khalan [ZZ] "Entering, he saw Sergei Filippovich, who did not look at him, who looked with faded eyes and a cold gaze at party organization".

Or bulan (bulakn) nudar khalakh letters. "watch with warm eyes," ln NDR hlh letters. "look warm eyes" on the contrary characterize friendly attitude: Ek-Ackn rn UGA GI R WGSN, ln HLN met SRM CKD ULS and toshach BSN [TAE] "Some elderly women were looked at his sympathizers warm asgedom due to the fact that it was not with his parents."

The mimic gesture of Nüdan bultulh "hiding your eyes" means modesty, embarrassment, modesty, or indicates obedience, humility: Bulhn nüdan bultulad Sanlur oordҗ, costuming tovch kondҗ haru ogv [TH] "Bulgun hiding her eyes, approached Sanal and touched the buttons of her suit, began to answer."

With a sharp or fixed gaze, they not only stare, but also dig in ^{[7, 8]}. In the Kalmyk language, this is conveyed by the phrases hurts khalats "sharp gaze" or shirtsn khalats "gaze": Turun partas hurts khalats, evtakn khuvtsta Shin bosad, Sanlla tsatsurad zogsv [TH] "A sharp–eyed and neatly dressed Shinya came out from the first desk and stopped near the Sanal"; - Andrew yovdlyn tuskar bas shishln kuundvr kehvidn"We will have a separate conversation about today's case," said second–year curator Naran Sharaevich, and looked at the dean with a convincing and intense gaze.

Also, a synonym for the expression shirtҗ halah "gaze intently" can be considered the expression nydan hoohullgo "look without taking your eyes off": – Chick, chick. Chamas ndan hohulkhsh, manig bolkhla, chon kichg kevta, chikar khalakhsh, – Sergey kelv [EB] "That's right, that's right. He doesn't take his eyes off you, but he looks at us like a wolf cub," Sergei said."

With some views, you can evaluate or overestimate, rethink the past. In the examples below, this is expressed using the adjective ondan "other": Arvn khoir nas zuutlan, Dorҗ iim baadl dotr osn biin, endr evra baaran ondan halatsar halә, bidan, ah-duunrtan uurlv [TH] "Dorji, although he lived here for up to twelve years, today after watching looking at your place with a different eye, I got mad at myself, at my brothers."

In ordinary everyday communication, people often use their eyes to achieve their goals. The eyes, for example, convey such diverse aspirations and goals as establishing contact, discontent, clarifying relationships, etc.^{[9, 10]}: En Dorҗin saenar meddg, enund degd enkr, bolv dakҗ uzgdshgo, tegad chign degd unta halats basmn [TE] "It was a very familiar look for Dorji, he was very sweet and he would never see him again, and that made him even more precious."

Eyes and glances can express the offense of hundl: Kovun tolhan zaalad, hundlta ndar kuuknur halav [HX] "The boy shook his head and looked at the girl with an offended look."

This meaning can also be conveyed by a phraseological unit with the meaning "with tears of resentment". "With lame tears": ...Zug kovun chirad: ihr, biyasn tsokrsn bashr khalats, baasn chidl-kuchan baglad avsn shiidvr, itslt, arhan barsn ash sul survr, hundl -tsug bichat [ASH] "…But on the young man's face: shame, and a look hating himself, and a firm decision, and hope, as well as resentment from impotence and the last question"; – Kol nutskar orla khutsmud Harul harna gidg. Tiim saamla, noormu gilta, ndan dohln nulmsta harad yovdg bilav [CHH] "Barefoot early in the morning to drive sheep out to pasture. At this time, I always came out with tears of resentment in my eyes."

With your eyes, you can "eat or devour" nudarn idh. In this case, it can most likely be noted that this is a calcified expression that came from the Russian language: Nohala bolkhla, Savrig ndarn idan [TH] "Nogala eats Savra's gaze".

Fear of something or a state of fearfulness, as well as in Russian, is often conveyed by phrases that use the word "eye, eyes". This can be seen, for example, in Kalmyk proverbs: Ndn aakhas bish, hap aadmn bish "they are afraid of the eye, but there are no hands" or Ndn aamtkh, zurkn zorgta "the eyes are cowardly, the heart is brave".

In his research, the famous Mongolian scholar G.C. Purbeev, noting the ambiguity of the word ndn, writes that in addition to the main translation of "eye, eyes", this term also has such a translation as "supervision, supervision" ^[11]: En kergin tol san ndn kergt "For this case, you need a good eye (supervision)". Examples of this kind are quite common in the speech of Kalmyks and these are well-established, understandable formulations, for example, such as ndn-amn bolh "to take care of someone." In this combination, in addition to the word ndn "eye, eyes", there is the word amn "mouth", which literally translates as "to be eyes and mouth". The phraseological turn of ndn-amn bolh is also translated and explained as the provision of services, assistance or guardianship over someone: Harsn tsagtan, Cahan min, aakig halaҗa, ndn-amn bola [BC] "Will you go home, my Tsagana, take care of aak, help her"; Harla, harad kurch irvch? – Gial eklv. - Chi oda gertan baah kun. Verad ndn-amn bol [HMM] "Harla, have you returned home? Jal began. "Now you will be at home, help Vera."

Phraseological expressions Nydan ogh, nydan-chikan ogh, nydan tavh letters. "to put eyes, eyes, ears", meaning to look out, pay attention, look, follow, are also very common in the speech of the Kalmyks: – Ne, Korsadg, bi yovad, ataman tal odad, amtne kuund chyned, urn Gavrilin tuskar medҗ uzsv. Tadn and bas ndn-chikan ogn baetn [SE] "Well, Korsadg, I'll go to the chieftain, listen to what people are talking about, and try to find out about Master Gavril. And you should listen here too."

The expression nud avlm is used when it comes to something or someone very beautiful, charming from whom it is impossible to take your eyes off: Zaln, kuuna nud avlm sahn: zusn-zuulin ong harch soltrad, kuuna nud eraled baena [BC] "His flame is such that it is impossible to take your eyes off: it shimmers with all colors rainbows"; Daldhr sahn cheҗt, dork ormasn hasn sumn met khurdar odm kett, durin uzsn kuun nud avlm hatzta khartsh - tunҗur tiim ulgur duntsul bollgo bashgo Sanҗ [AG] "Such an example cannot be compared with anything – With a wide beautiful chest, fast as a bullet, a hawk, from which is impossible to take your eyes off";

They also talk about someone or something pleasant to look at, using the expressions ndna keerul, kuslin kilasn: – Enkr ing min! Kiruhe min! Namn keerul, kuslin kilasn minh! [BO] "My beloved! Kiriukha is mine! The delight of my eyes!"

The Kalmyks have a proverb, Ond tolha deer harhla, ndna huҗr handg, ogn kuunla kuundhla, chikna huҗr handg, "It is pleasant to look from a high mound, it is pleasant to the eyes, to talk with an elder, it is pleasant to the ear." The expression Nudna huҗr hanhah "to get pleasure from what you see" was used to describe something very pleasant to the eyes, for vision: Ode en tsug delkan ndni huҗr hanhasn ik, sahn balhnd irad, terun dund orn-nutgin seng shin tootin tsuglulchxig uzҗah toshachd evrenn ndan itkl uga bam dong bolҗ medgdv [TE] "Now, having arrived in this city, having seen all these pleasant things, He still couldn't believe his eyes, that he sees all this in reality"; Tern egl nudna huҗr hanhahar yovҗah inspectorsk erglhn bish basmn [AG] "It was not just a hidden inspection."

The phraseological unit nid gerdh means spying on someone, looking out for or waiting for someone: Bata hoohan delight, kevtulchkad, gerurn or irkhlarn, ondind odaksin nid gerdad, giln-giln gihad, havtahad, bultad hardmn [HH] "Bata, after watering the sheep and entering the house, always watched attentively with a glance at everyone, with twinkling eyes."

With the help of the expression nud uzh, the meaning of envy is conveyed: – Yahah ulsvt, kuun han khan gesan teҗaҗah shurgt nud uzad baah. Entn hazam malm bolad, hartm urm bolad basn en giv [Halmg tuul] "What kind of people are you to envy a man who has the only hound dog with which he earns his living. He is my only friend and helper."

The mimic gesture of winking with the eye of a nydan chirmh, making signs with the help of eyes is common not only among Kalmyks, but also among other peoples. It should also be noted that in this way the meaning of the action is also conveyed, which took place very quickly, in an instant: – Ndn chirmh hoornd kolkhoz burdahad Orkҗ bolsh uga [KK] "You cannot create a collective farm in an instant"; En hoorndahur feasts ndan chirmad orkv, hazg "ha-hu" gihad harad Yovҗ efv [MH] "At that time, the bailiff blinked an eye and the Cossack came out, muttering something under his breath"; Khonkhta duhuta khoir khonkhr khalzn khoir talagshan khayad, stromkan shuurad, kondrad harv. Ndn burd, chikn sard giv, hamahur ter khotnd kurch irsn medgdsn uga [HH] "With bells in a team, two savras, grabbing the traces, just set off, and immediately it is unclear how they ended up in this village."

Phrases that express concepts such as gaze, vision, or eyes can be used to characterize a person. The expression nurn hazr es uzkh means "to turn up your nose, to ask letters. not to see the earth with your eyes)". Or another combination that characterizes another human quality, nur-chira khalakh, "to be a hypocrite." Such examples, although not very common, are still found in colloquial speech and in works of fiction.

It is necessary to consider another combination that has a stable meaning and is very often used in Kalmyk speech, such as ndn kurh "to jinx"^[12]. Literally, this expression translates as "the eye or vision has reached or has reached." They usually say kuun nydn kurch "someone else's eye or vision has reached": Ogn, otkhn kovun naadna kun bol uga giҗ kelchkad, kuun nydn kurhn yaahv giҗ sanad, ugh, ugh... kolm untrad baҗ gihad, hanzan ormdan martad, orn talan harv [HH] "The old man, Saying that his youngest son didn't he would be a simple man, he thought he might be jinxed, ugh, ugh... saying that his legs were numb and he forgot the phone, he went to his bed."

A surprised look or a fleeting glance in the Kalmyk language is very often conveyed using figurative words. Such words reflect specifically those properties that are inherent in these objects and phenomena, and are not taken from the outside ^[6]. Here, the main role is played by the characteristic of the sign, its emotionality, imagery. Each figurative word has a specific area of application unique to it. For example, the word ormakh means "to stare in surprise": Surhulchnr tsuhar degts ormasn bosldad, bagshur Ormaldҗ halatskhav [AB] "The students simultaneously got up from their seats and looked at the teacher in surprise"; Shiran ard degtrmud umshch suusn hurvn kovun degts Savr tal Ormaldҗ halatskhav [TH] "The readers at the table Books by three boys at the same time, they looked at Savr with surprise"; – Is the material ald baena stupid? - Giҗ, material ugahin meddg Alexey akhlach, ah engineer khoirur al bolsn khalatsar khalaҗ surv [TE] "But where is the building material? Alexey, knowing in advance that he was not there, asked in surprise, looking at the boss and the chief engineer."

These can also be single figurative words or doubled figurative words such as gils-gils gih "to look with twinkling eyes." Such combinations are used in speech mainly accompanied by the service verb gich "to speak".: Entn unn ibn al Hudlw, gih bahadl Harad, Bata arhul bosad, aәah kevtahar, gil-gil gihad Muusra tal neg khalahad, Cahan tal neg khalahad or tushad zogsv [HH]"Bata stood up cautiously, looking incredulously, with apprehension, eyes twinkling at the Muuzru, then on the Khan," leaned on the bed; Enchn alvll uga kinad, saenar surkhla bahrd kurtad odhm mahd uga, - Giҗ sanad, Bata uurlulҗasn kovun tal gils giҗ dorahur halav [ҺХ] "If he doesn't mess around, he can study well, he can get a place, Bata thought and looked down with flashing eyes at the boy who angered him."

In their structure and sound composition, single figurative words coincide with onomatopoeic words and denote the instantaneity of an action, in this case a glance ^[7]. For example, kols Giҗ halah "to take a fleeting glance": Zurkhach daaldan neg kols giҗ halachkad, berin chira halav [HX] "The astrologer glanced into his bag and looked at a young married girl"; Haya-haya kurgn tal kulshihad dorahar khalahad orkna [HX] "Occasionally stealthily glances in the direction of the groom"Sarul sahn schools, shuugldad, kooldad naaddg kovud, kuukd sanandn orad, ndnd uzgdad, җirs-җirs gihad җirlhn bolad җirln [AB] "Memories ran before my eyes like a mirage: school, children running noisily after each other."

The gaze is also conveyed with the help of lexemes that create figurative representations of the external and internal state of a person, for example, kulihad khalah "look askance (unfriendly)": "Ode yir yah nat, tana durn" gisn baadltahar, Bata dorahur kulihad khalahad, aerste neg kolan kol deeran tavad, or tushad, ketsaldad of zogsana [HH] "What will you do now, your right?" Looking at everyone with an unfriendly look from under his brows, Bata stood leaning on the bed with his legs crossed."

So, based on the above examples, we can say that the gaze plays an important role in the non-verbal communication of Kalmyks. With the help of a glance or a certain eye condition, various aspirations and goals are conveyed, such as, for example, establishing contact, dissatisfaction, clarifying relationships, etc. A glance can also be characterized by figurative words. These can be single or double figurative words that match in structure and composition with onomatopoeic words.

In addition to numerous cases of the use of the words halats, khartz "gaze", ndn "eyes", identifying a particular situation, a large number of phrases have been found, from simple syntactic to phraseologically stable.