Runaways in the State Labor Reserve System: Toward a Characteristic of the “Informal” Portrait of Students

Larionova Marina Barievna ORCID: 0000-0003-4969-0527 PhD in History Head of the Department of Documentation, Law, History and the Russian Language; Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University 11 Mashinostroiteley str., office 511, Sverdlovsk region, Yekaterinburg, 620012, Russia marin.lar@mail.ru Razinkov Sergey Lvovich ORCID: 0000-0002-0018-7931 PhD in History Associate Professor; Department of Theory and History of International Relations; Documentation, Law, History and Russian Language; Ural Federal University; Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University 11 Mashinostroiteley str., room 509, Sverdlovsk region, Yekaterinburg, 620012, Russia sergerazinkov@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Zaglodina Tat'yana Alekseevna ORCID: 0000-0002-1689-1552 PhD in Sociology Associate Professor; Department of Philosophy, Sociology and Social Work; Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University 620012, Russia, Sverdlovsk region, Yekaterinburg, Mashinostroiteley str., 11, office 2-429 tz1708@yandex.ru

Thanks. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian National Science Foundation grant, project No. 23-28-01065 "Non-parading portrait" by Danila Kuzmich: the potential for updating the system of state labor reserves in the subculture of students (1940s-1950s).

The formation of the system of state labor reserves, which existed in the period from 1940 to 1958, was accompanied by the emergence of a new social community of teenagers – young skilled workers called upon to solve the country's personnel problems in various sectors of the planned economy. The students were fully dependent on the state, they were provided with free tuition, accommodation, food, and clothing. The formation of this group was artificial in nature: mobilization was accompanied by coercion, the establishment of a strict regime and internal regulations, which, along with uncomfortable living conditions, often did not meet the expectations of boys and girls aged 14-17. As a result, protest practices arose in reality, one of the extreme forms of manifestation of which were unauthorized departures or escapes, considered as desertion.

A lot has been written about the unauthorized departures and escapes of teenagers from educational institutions of the state labor reserves. Perhaps one of the first to identify this problem was the British historian D. Filzer, who devoted a chapter of his monograph on the situation of workers in the post-war period in the USSR to the system of labor reserves and schools of working youth ^{[19, pp. 163-207]}, citing not only the statistics of escapes, but also indicating the reasons for the decline in the number of students, and also giving an assessment of the reliability of the figures given in official sources. The researcher called the system of state labor reserves one of the tools "with which the regime tried to train and socialize the workforce" ^{[19, p. 180]}.

Ural historians S. P. Postnikov and M. A. Feldman, exploring the state policy on the formation of qualified workers on the example of the Sverdlovsk region as one of the largest industrial regions of the country, paid attention not only to the achievements of the system, but also to contradictions, including the shortcomings of staffing educational institutions, the difficulties of material and household order, which led to expulsions of students not only due to violated enrollment instructions, but also due to unauthorized departures ^{[17, p. 197]}. The monograph concludes that "the state labor reserves were a complex, contradictory formation, their organization was the embodiment of the tendency to strengthen the centralization of management and command methods of training workers..." ^{[17, p. 202]}, but "did not solve the contradiction between the growth of technical equipment of industrial enterprises and the relatively low level of qualification of workers", although "the paradox of the labor reserve system is that they have created the appearance of their effectiveness due to the uninterrupted centralized provision of the national economy with labor" ^{[17, p. 203]}.

Currently, studying the experience of conducting mobilization policy on the example of the Ural region as a whole ^[21], on the materials of the Sverdlovsk ^[8] and Volgograd regions ^[22], experts note that the reason for the expulsion of students was, among other things, unauthorized departures or escapes. D. Y. Meshkov considered the Soviet policy in the field of labor resources in the post-war period and wrote that mass flight and increased crime indicated an unfavorable situation within student groups ^{[13, p. 228]}. Thus, according to his data, in 1946 in the Sverdlovsk region, almost 20% of the students of the labor reserves voluntarily left school, while some educational institutions lost more than half of their staff ^{[13, p. 228]}.

There are separate works devoted to the military daily life of students, including discipline violations, hooligan manifestations and unauthorized departures, which are reconstructed on the example of educational institutions of state labor reserves located in the Moscow ^[1] and Perm regions ^[10] and Khabarovsk Territory ^[4].

The problem of unauthorized departures of pupils of the state labor reserves of the Chkalov region is indicated in the work of D. R. Khisamutdinov. The author noted that these processes began already in the first months of the conscription of students, and indicated "inattention and irresponsible attitude towards those called up" as the reasons. According to him, the peak of escapes from the educational system in the Chkalov region occurred in 1942 ^{[20, p. 228]}. Finally, unauthorized departures from enterprises of working youth aged 16 to 25 years are presented as one of the forms of deviant labor behavior, they were "recorded everywhere and were widespread" ^{[7, p. 127]}. The problem of desertion at the defense enterprises of the Penza region in 1942-1944 was identified by V. Y. Kladov, the young age of deserters (among whom there were graduates of educational institutions of labor reserves) was noted – from 16 to 25 years ^[9]. Soviet laws on desertion and industrial child labor during World War II came to the attention of historian Olga Kucherenko ^[25].

At the same time, it is currently not necessary to talk about the studied and complete picture of the statistics of unauthorized departures and the reasons that prompted this, as well as about considering this phenomenon in the context of existing behavioral practices as part of the social portrait of students.

By the portrait of students of the labor reserve system, we understand a set of socio-cultural markers (socio-demographic characteristics, cultural values and mental characteristics, behavioral practices, appearance), considered in the context of "parade" (characteristics, norms and patterns of student behavior officially established by political and social institutions (Internal Labor Regulations) and "non-parade" (systems deviating from the ceremonial portrait of stable cultural values and behavioral practices of students) ^[11]. The highlighted markers as a set of characteristic features of behavior and actions, as well as mental attitudes, emerge into some stable, holistic images, the so-called social types.

The purpose of the article is to present unauthorized departures and non–attendance of classes as common behavioral practices underlying the identification of social types of the "non-parade" portrait of students in the system of state labor reserves ("truant" and "deserter").

The methodology of the work in identifying types is based on a subcultural approach in the axiological aspect of the anthropological concept ^{[16; 5; 12]}, based on the synthesis of cultural and socio-historical approaches to the multidimensionality of measuring youth subculture ^[14]. The theory of practices ^{[2; 18; 24]} allows us to identify real actions in the context of the life world ^[23] of adolescents, formed and formed structures of everyday life ^[15] of students of the system of state labor reserves. Finally, M. Weber's theory of social action as "a certain set of actions, means, methods" aimed at "changing the behavior, attitudes and aspirations of individuals and communities" ^{[3, pp. 602-603]} identifies social behaviors of students as part of the subculture of teenagers – future young workers.

The source base of the research was made up of clerical, official documents (orders, letters, minutes of meetings, transcripts of meetings, etc.) preserved in federal and regional archives as a result of the activities of central and regional labor reserve management bodies, party and Komsomol meetings, fixing the real life situation in educational institutions of the labor reserve system.

Enrolled students in educational institutions of the state labor reserves were obliged to "study hard and persistently in order to become qualified and cultured workers and bring as much benefit to their Soviet Homeland as possible"^[1]. However, in practice, the situation was complex and ambiguous, it differed depending on the types of educational institutions (schools of the Federal Educational District, craft, railway schools, mining schools), the management staff, the conditions created and, finally, the ideas of the student himself and his abilities to master the profession.

Scientists have already noted that almost immediately, when meeting the planned enrollment targets, the leadership of educational institutions of the state labor reserves faced escapes, the percentage of which was significant. According to S. P. Postnikov and M. Feldman, as of December 20, 1940, 358 students were absent in the Perm region, which amounted to 3.5%, 191 of them escaped. In the Chelyabinsk region, on December 16, 1940, 7.1% of the enrolled students were absent. In the month of 1940, 17,173 people left, which was 3% of all students ^{[17, p. 197]}. According to the above-mentioned authors, it was the significant numbers of escapes and the threat of disruption of the project being implemented to train qualified workers to solve the problems of the planned economy that led to the decision to sign on December 28, 1940. The decree "On the responsibility of students of handicraft, railway schools and schools of the Federal Law for violation of discipline and for unauthorized departure from the college (school)", which provides "by court verdict to imprisonment in labor colonies for up to one year." And only in January 1941, according to incomplete data, 582 students were prosecuted, of which only 10 were acquitted ^{[17, p. 197]}. By the summer of 1941, 67 teenagers had been convicted from the schools of the Federal Law of the Chelyabinsk region, 58 in the Sverdlovsk region. ^{[17, p. 198]}.

The study of the office records preserved in federal and regional archives, containing figures of unauthorized students of the state labor reserves system, shows a certain inconsistency of statistical indicators.

First of all, we can talk about the summary data on the USSR for only one period of the existence of state labor reserves – from 1944 to 1948. These details are given in Tables 1 and 2.

So D. Filzer, based on archival documents, shows the turnover of students in the labor reserve system in 1944-1948 as follows ^{[19, p. 170]}:

Table 1 – The number of students who left the system of state labor reserves in 1944-1948.

In accordance with the certificate of the Ministry of Labor Reserves of the USSR on the number of people who left schools of the Federal Law and colleges for 1946-1947 and the 1st quarter of 1948, we have the following indicators^[2]:

Table 2 – The number of students who left the system of state labor reserves in 1946-1947 and the 1st quarter of 1948

Both tables contain information from officially preserved documents, and it is quite obvious that the information for 1946 and 1947 does not match in numerical terms, while the percentage ratio is almost the same. The figures show that the most escapes occur in schools of the Federal District and fewer in vocational schools. A percentage comparison shows that in the post-war period, the process of reducing unauthorized departures began. The average rates of escapes could vary significantly in different regions. For example, table 3 shows data from the Management of Labor reserves in the Sverdlovsk region, in which the percentage of unauthorized departures and escapes is significantly higher than in the whole country.

Table 3 – Information on the movement of the contingent of artisans

colleges and schools of the Federal Law of the Sverdlovsk region for 1941-1944.^[3]

Table 3 shows that the peak of escapes in the Sverdlovsk region occurred in 1943, at the same time, the total percentage of those who voluntarily left during the first three years of the Patriotic War and the first half of the fourth year was 16.2%, which is significant and indicates the existence of problems in the organization of student education in educational institutions of the Sverdlovsk region.

In the subsequent period, the Ministry of Labor Reserves of the USSR no longer compiled such summary tables, switched to analytical reports or certificates, or letters containing, on the one hand, figures for a specific calendar period, on the other – information that is difficult to compare with each other, due to different samples and bases in the context of educational institutions, departments, the number of students. Here are excerpts from preserved archival documents.

According to information on the political and moral condition of students and workers of handicraft, railway schools and schools of the Federal District in 1945, 57 people deserted from the school of the Federal District in the Gomel region; 29 people from the RU and schools of the Federal District of the Vitebsk region; 20 people from the RU, ZHU and schools of the Federal District of the Chuvash ASSR. Similar cases have been reported in educational institutions in the Grozny, Sverdlovsk, Vinnytsia, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk and Ryazan regions^[5]. The situation in Federal Law No. 36 of the Sverdlovsk region was highlighted, where 47 people voluntarily left school^[6].

In 1948, the Minister of Labor Reserves V. P. Pronin sent a letter to the head of the Main Directorate of Schools of the Federal District and Schools of the Central and Southern Districts, in which he noted that "in January, 1,322 students voluntarily left the local departments of your Main Directorate, 330 people were expelled for violating the rules of internal regulations and student behavior, 445 people were expelled due to illness, transferred from one educational institution to another 479"^[7]. In a similar letter, but already to the head of the Main Directorate of Schools of the Federal Educational District and schools of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, it was noted that during the same period "1,580 students voluntarily dropped out, 472 people were expelled for violating the rules of internal regulations and student behavior, 919 were expelled due to illness, 803 were transferred from one educational institution to another." The situation with turnover in Kemerovo, Kurgan, Novosibirsk, Udmurt and Chelyabinsk administrations is especially unfavorable^[8].

In April 1949, the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs drafted a letter to the Ministry of Labor Reserves of the USSR, which stated that in 1948, the police detained 11,449 students who fled from vocational schools and schools of the Federal District. The reasons for escapes from schools and colleges are "disordered material and living conditions and poor educational work." In the same letter, specific examples were given: in December 1948, from the school of Federal Law No. 87. 107 people deserted Dnepropetrovsk, from school No. 31-31^[9], in December 1948, 18 students escaped from the Estonian USSR school of the Federal District No. 18 of the village of Akhty, 6 teenagers from the Federal District No. 8 of the village of Kukruze mine, 4 people from the vocational school No. 7 of Viljandi, from school No. 10 of the mountains. Kohtla-Yarve – 7^[10]. And 130 students out of 500 students fled from school No. 5 in Shakhty, Rostov region, in the fourth quarter^[11].

In the certificate dated July 07, 1950 "On the expulsion of students from educational institutions of the Ministry of Labor Reserves for gross violation of internal Regulations and behavior in the 1st quarter of 1950" it was noted that during a random inspection of 18 local administrations, but without specifying which ones, 298 people were excluded, while in the whole country – 1713 a person, that is, the information in the document is specified only to 17% of those excluded from the total. Of these 298 people, 40 were expelled for desertion, which is 13% of the specified sample^[12].

In April 1955, the Prosecutor of the USSR, in a letter to the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves, noted that "the number of students detained by the police and taken to children's rooms and distribution centers who fled from vocational schools and schools of the Federal District continues to be significant." According to the Main Police Department, 2,132 escaped students were detained in the RSFSR in 1952, 5,020 in 1953, and 4,732 in 1954. The reasons for the escapes were also noted as "unsatisfactory living conditions and poor staging of educational work and industrial training"^[13].

In a letter to the chairman of the Central Committee of the Trade Union of Construction Workers, Minister G. Zelenko noted that in 5 months of 1955, 1,283 students voluntarily left construction schools^[14].

The Ministry of Labor Reserves continued to supervise its wards even after they graduated from educational institutions and were sent to enterprises. And here the facts of escapes were noted. So in April 1947, 150 students were transferred from school No. 33 of the Belarusian SSR to the first shoe factory, from April to September 47 teenagers escaped from them^[15], and 34 out of 108 teenagers sent from RU No. 18 in Taganrog^[16]. From June to November 1947, 85 people deserted from the Alma-Ata cotton spinning mill out of 265 young workers sent by the school of the Federal Law No. 6. From military construction No. 354 in November 1947, out of 60 young workers who graduated from the school of the Federal Law No. 90, 10 people fled for the same reasons ^[17].

Finally, some of the preserved archival documents at the level of individual departments are distinguished by the detail for specific years and the complete absence of information for others. For example, in the Sverdlovsk region, the report for the first half of 1944 noted that there was a decrease in deductions compared to the same period of the previous year: in the 1st half of 1943, 3,916 people dropped out before the end of their studies, including 1,962 people who left voluntarily, and in the 1st half of 1944, 884 people dropped out, among them, 806 left without permission^[18]. But the percentage of unauthorized departures to the number of those expelled, on the contrary, increased: in the first half of 1943 it amounted to 50%, and in the first half of 1944 – 91%. During the first quarter of 1944, 52 people left the Sverdlovsk Region for disrespectful reasons, RU No. 2 – 7 people, RU No. 18 – 37 people, schools of the Federal Law No. 6 – 72 people, schools of the Federal Law No. 27 – 30 people, schools of the Federal Law No. 33 – 69 people ^[19].

Tables 4 and 5 show the figures of unauthorized departures in the context of the best educational institutions in the Sverdlovsk region with the lowest percentage of escapees and the worst – with the highest percentage.

Table 4 – List of the best schools in the Sverdlovsk region

to preserve the contingent at the beginning of 1944^[20]

Table 5 – List of schools in the Sverdlovsk region with the largest number of unauthorized departures at the beginning of 1944^[21]

In 1945-1946, 1,805 people left the craft and railway schools of the Sverdlovsk region (as of May 1, 1946) for various reasons, including 935 who left voluntarily. Unauthorized departures from craft and railway schools account for 6.7%.^[22] 4,060 people dropped out of schools in the Federal District of the Sverdlovsk region for various reasons, including: it left without permission – 2180. Unauthorized departure from the schools of the Federal District is 15.2%. In the 1st quarter of 1946, 47 people left the Pervouralsky school of the Federal District No. 71^[23]; 59 people left the school of the Federal District No. 21, 42 of them in March, including 8 Komsomol members ^[24]. The largest number of such departures comes from schools of the Federal District, organized on the basis of enterprises of the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy, from which 1,631 people or 52.3% of those who voluntarily left schools and schools of the Federal District of the region escaped in 1945 and 5 months of 1946. Table 6 provides information on schools in the Federal District of the Sverdlovsk region with the largest number of runaway students.

The situation with the retention of the contingent in 1945-1946 was particularly difficult in the schools of the Federal District and vocational schools of the Sverdlovsk region, presented in Table 6 ^[25].

Table 6 – List of Federal Law schools and vocational schools of the Sverdlovsk region with a contingent who voluntarily left in 1945–1946.

In 1947, 189 people were not released from the schools of the Federal Educational District of the Sverdlovsk region for various reasons. Of these, 72 people voluntarily left, including 18 people from Pervouralsky school of the Federal Law No. 71, 23 people from Sverdlovsk school of the Federal Law No. 29, 24 people from Nizhny Tagil school of the Federal Law No. 12; smaller numbers were from other educational institutions^[26]. According to the report, in 1948, 570 people dropped out of educational institutions in the Sverdlovsk region, of which 325 left voluntarily^[27].

Student turnover in the region continued to be high. In 11 months of 1950, 6.6% of students dropped out of vocational schools in the Sverdlovsk region, and 17.9% dropped out of schools in the Federal District. For example, 41 students escaped from the mining school No. 1 in the city of Karpinsk, and from the Seversk school of the Federal Law No. 42 – 18. As a result of the turnover of students from colleges and schools of labor reserves in 1950, 1,500 young workers were not given to industry and construction sites in the region^[28].

In general, the main reasons for unauthorized departures and escapes – "terrible conditions of study and residence" [Filzer, p. 172] – are confirmed by mass mentions in official documents and by the students themselves. For example, excerpts from letters from teenagers dated 1944 have been postponed, the authors of which report the real picture in educational institutions: "... Due to the callous attitude to the living conditions of workers, especially Fzushnikov, there is a mass escape, spontaneous abandonment of work. Of the 85 people who arrived, 15 people escaped. We managed to find one of the escaped Buldygin and the narsudy of Zheleznovodsk sentenced a 17-year-old boy to imprisonment..."^[29]. At the Bryansk station in the construction school, "only five people out of 45 people remained, and the rest ran away"^[30], and 11 people ran away from the dormitory of the school of the Federal Law No. 15 of the Yaroslavl region from the room, "we also want to run, everyone is sick, since we have never gone to the bathhouse since we arrived from at home"^[31]. Another reason for unauthorized departures, noted in official documents, is "low industrial and extracurricular discipline"^[32], as well as the absence or poor organization of political, mass and cultural educational work ^[6]. At the same time, "fluidity, shoots, unauthorized departures" were seasonal and increased with the onset of the "spring and summer period"^[33]. The Department of Labor Reserves of the Sverdlovsk region, after analyzing the reasons for the escapes in 1948, noted another one related to the mobilization policy of the state and the direction of students from other regions to the region: "the vast majority of unauthorized departures," the report notes, "are due to young people imported from other regions," therefore, the main reason was "the absence of permanent regions – republics for the mobilization of youth, which makes it impossible to establish permanent contact with the parents of incoming youth and create cadres of masters and educators of those nationalities from which young people are imported"^[34].

The information provided shows that, firstly, there is no complete picture of student turnover both in the whole country and in individual regions in particular. Secondly, the preserved figures do not allow for comparative analysis, not only because of their fragmentation, but also the lack of unity of indicators. Thirdly, the level of detail of individual cases allows us to talk about particular cases without going to the level of generalization, typicality/atypicity in relation to a specific region and the country as a whole. Finally, there is also a problem with the reliability of official data on the decline in the number of students, including due to escapes considered as desertion. D. Filzer also wrote about serious distortions of official statistics and underestimation of figures, highlighting the "banal deception" of directors of educational institutions as the main reason [Filzer, p. 172].

However, despite the identified problems of the low level of relevance and reliability of the preserved information about unauthorized student departures, it can be argued that escapes took place throughout the entire period of the existence of the system of state labor reserves. The leadership tried to control the situation and directed all efforts to reduce them, but even criminal liability under the law adopted on December 28, 1940. The decree "On the responsibility of students of handicraft, railway schools and schools of the Federal Law for violation of discipline and for unauthorized departure from the college (school)", which provides "by court verdict to imprisonment in labor colonies for up to one year", and real cases of its application and conviction of caught fugitives, did not stop teenagers.

Unauthorized departures can be considered as the most extreme, but massively widespread protest practice, aimed primarily against the "terrible household" standard of living, poor nutrition and "terrible study conditions".

Official documents record other forms of unauthorized student departures without warning management. Such absences could be both during classes and in free time, more often on holidays or weekends. These could be collective departures, by whole groups of students. In a certificate compiled by the political information sector of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves on the basis of information provided from the field in 1945, it was noted that "unauthorized absences of students for several days are also noted in a number of departments of labor reserves (Kherson, Moscow city, Pskov, Chkalov, etc.). The most characteristic is the Ulyanovsk regional administration, where in May there was 100 unauthorized absences"^[35]. In June 1948, in the Rostov region, with the help of the police, employees of the school of the Federal Law No. 52 in Shakhty detained a group of 13 students who had left without permission^[36].

But more often there were individual departures, temporary escapes from several hours to several days, which often even went unnoticed, because students returned back and continued to perform their duties, if not for the incidents that happened to them during such unauthorized absences and which ended tragically: either disability or death, accompanied by an investigation by law enforcement agencies. Strict fixation of incidents in official documents and control by Management allows you to see their specific manifestations.

In March 1947 The Sverdlovsk regional administration of the Ministry of Labor Reserves noted that in schools and schools of the Federal Law of the Sverdlovsk region, "accidents with students, both related to production and in everyday life, often fatal," it was recorded that unauthorized departures of students of RU No. 3, No. 5, No. 7 and No. 13 led to accidents in transport, the guys "fell under the wheels of wagons and received serious injuries"^[37]. Three accidents occurred in the second half of 1947: on October 5, a student of RU No. 9 was "stabbed by a tram"; on October 25, a student of FZO school No. 60 voluntarily left school, rode a tram between cars and was seriously injured; on November 8, a student of FZO school No. 22 "rode on the railing of the stairs, fell from them He fell to his death in the stairwell of the dormitory"^[38].

Several accidents due to lack of control and unauthorized absences are recorded in documents for 1948, most of which are related to incidents on the water: for example, on May 6, five students of vocational school No. 40 voluntarily went to the river, where a student drowned while swimming^[39]; on May 26, after the end of classes, students were sent on their own for lunch, after which one of them went to the Novaya Lala station, sat on the roof of a freight train and left for Lobva station, at the entrance to the bridge over the Lala River, he got up to switch to another car, and at that time he was hit by the bridge truss, was killed to death ^[40]; 29 On July, students of vocational school No. 33 were sent to lunch on their own, but due to the "large crowd" in the dining room, the whole group, led by the headman, "went swimming without any permission", during which one of the students "had a seizure, she suffered from epilepsy and drowned"^[41]; 6 On June, a group of students of vocational school No. 45 from Verkhnyaya Tavda went swimming after breakfast and one of them, despite the fact that he swam perfectly, "before swimming 4 m to the shore, began to sink" and drowned due to lack of assistance^[42].

Similar accidents on the water and as a result of a stowaway ride home on the roofs of wagons were recorded in 1949: on July 14, a student of the Federal Law School No. 3 of the city of Chusovaya drowned during unauthorized bathing ^[43]; on June 11, a student of the railway school No. 2 of Krasnoufimsk "voluntarily left for his family. While passing on the roof of a railway train carriage, a bridge farm was killed", in the same school on June 21, another teenager voluntarily went swimming and drowned^[44]; on June 22, a student of vocational school No. 16 voluntarily went swimming and drowned^[45]; on July 24, a student of the school of the Federal Law No. 4 decided to leave voluntarily for Severouralsk, while When boarding the train, it broke off, got under the car, his leg was cut off, he was taken to the hospital, but died soon ^[46]; on September 17, a student of Kamyshlovsky Railway School No. 1 left for his mother at Pyshminskaya station without permission, stayed with her until 21-00 hours and went back, without a ticket. To get on the running board of the train, he began to run over and stumbled on the rails, fell, received a leg amputation and a head injury, was taken off the train in an unconscious state and sent to the hospital, where he died^[47]; on September 25, the student left RU No. 35 without permission, got on a passing car when returning, at the entrance She jumped off and broke her leg^[48]. During the inspection, as a result of an accident with a student of vocational school No. 15, it was found that such unauthorized absences "took on a systematic character. The accounting of student attendance, the movement of the contingent and the filling of the name book is unsatisfactory, the reasons for the absence of students in the classroom are not being clarified and measures to eliminate them as soon as possible are not being taken"^[49]. This was the case in many educational institutions of the Sverdlovsk region.

These cases for only two years, 1948 and 1949, were typical and recorded annually and show that the established rules of procedure were not followed, and the scale of unauthorized departures can only be assumed due to the lack of control over the activities of students not only during extracurricular hours, but also during attendance at classes and industrial training.

Therefore, another form of violations of the accepted schedule was unauthorized absences from training sessions, which can be regarded as absenteeism without any valid reasons, as well as lateness to classes, recorded in the office documentation, but later in the period of the existence of state labor reserves, when it was possible to more or less stabilize the situation with unauthorized escapes. So in 1950, during an inspection of the Sverdlovsk school of Federal Law No. 35, it was noted that there was no discipline in classes, some students "walk around the city during class hours, being idle, or perform extraneous work," and on June 6, a whole group of carpenters from this school, instead of classes at the Uralstroyput Trust dock, were loading wagons". It turned out that the "downtime during the school period" was 72 people/day, and the loss of school time was 9008 people/hour or 60 hours per student. At the same time, the accounting of classes was "conducted carelessly and incompletely"^[50]. This was noted in the report for 1952, when, during an inspection of the activities of the special school No. 25 in Gorky, it was emphasized that "on May 3, 61 students were absent from classes, on May 5, 26 students. From April 27 to May 5, 3 lessons were disrupted at this school"^[51]. The Bureau of the district committee of the CPSU during the next control in 1956 indicated that at the school of agricultural mechanization No. 9 in the Sverdlovsk region there are cases of non-attendance of classes and lateness on the part of individual students. So, in December 1955, students missed classes for no good reason for 798 hours, and school performance was 90.8%"^[52].

The control of such absences, as well as punishments, fell entirely on the management of the educational institution. For example, in 1941, at Leningrad vocational school No. 57, a student was put in a corner by a master for leaving classes without permission^[53]. There have been cases of assault and use of physical force, outfits, deprivation of food (for example, in RU No. 55 in Moscow) by masters of industrial training and teachers and management of educational institutions. And at the vocational school No. 22 in Zagorsk, Moscow region, in February 1948, the director "forced a student to lick an obscene word allegedly written by him with his tongue from the toilet doors, and forced students who smoked cigarettes to chew and swallow them"^[54].

The reasons for absenteeism are due to various factors: dissatisfaction and lack of independence in the "choice" of a future profession; insecurity in work clothes and shoes; unsatisfactory living conditions; physical and psychological characteristics of the students themselves; student belonging to a certain subculture and group pressure; weak supervision and control by the administration; as well as the use of non-pedagogical methods of working with teenagers. Based on the motives that motivated students to absenteeism and lateness, we can talk about the allocation of behavioral practices such as absenteeism and lateness among students.

Thus, we see that unauthorized departures and non-attendance of classes among students of the state labor reserve system were widespread as everyday behavioral practices. It is possible to distinguish several forms of their manifestation: escapes, considered as desertion, temporary unauthorized absences with a return back at the will of the student himself, absenteeism from classes and work practices, which could be both episodic and systematic, and, finally, lateness to events planned by the rules of the daily routine, including training sessions, physical exercises, walking, etc.

Undoubtedly, various forms of unauthorized departures and non-attendance of classes are a manifestation of "non-parading" among students from a position of attitude to learning, expressed in the desire and intention of students to comply (or, conversely, not to comply) with the basic principles of staying in educational institutions. Generalization of behavioral practices related to escapes and skipping classes made it possible to identify such social types as "deserter" and "truant", which formed the basis of one of the vectors of the "non-parade" portrait of students.

Notes:

^[1] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 1. D. 20. L. 1.

^[2] ΓΑΡΦ. Φ. P-9507. Op. 5. D. 196. L. 99.

^[3] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 1. D. 16. L. 49.

^[4] Counting of authors.

^[5] ΓΑΡΦ. Φ. P-9507. Op. 5. D. 120. L. 158.

^[6] ΓΑΡΦ. Φ. P-9507. Op. 5. D. 120. L. 158.

^[7] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 2. D. 84. L. 14.

^[8] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 2. D. 84. L. 22.

^[9] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 236. L. 117.

^[10] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 236. L. 118.

^[11] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 236. L. 119.

^[12] ΓΑΡΦ. Φ. P-9507. Op. 2. D. 212. L. 81.

^[13] GARF.F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 382. L. 88.

^[14] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 382. L. 92-93.

^[15] GARF. F. R-9507.Op. 5. D. 177. L. 56.

^[16] GARF. F. R-9507.Op. 5. D. 177. L. 56.

^[17] GARF. F. R-9507.Op. 5. D. 177. L. 57.

^[18] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 1. D. 13. L. 31.

^[19] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 1. D. 13. L. 31 vol.

^[20] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 1. D. 13. L. 31 vol.

^[21] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 1. D. 13. L. 31 vol.

^[22] CDOO. F. 236. Op. 5. D. 82. L. 112-122.

^[23] CDOO. F. 236. Op. 5. D. 82. L. 83-93.

^[24] TSDOOSO. F. 236. Op. 5. D. 82. L. 83-93.

^[25] TSDOOSO. F. 236. Op. 5. D. 82. L. 5-5 vol., 112-122.

^[26] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. d. 12. L. 8-8 vol.

^[27] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 15. L. 12-12 vol.

^[28] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 19. L. 4-8.

^[29] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 201. L. 161.

^[30] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 201. L. 163.

^[31] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 93. L. 51.

^[32] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 382. L. 88.

^[33] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 6. L. 70.

^[34] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 15. L. 12-12 vol.

^[35] ΓΑΡΦ. Φ. P-9507. Op. 5. D. 120. L. 158.

^[36] ΓΑΡΦ. Φ. P-9507. Op. 5. D. 196. L. 108

^[37] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 11. L. 6.

^[38] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. d. 11. L. 26 vol.

^[39] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 14. L. 16.

^[40] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 14. L. 24.

^[41] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 14. L. 26.

^[42] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 14. L. 27.

^[43] GARF.F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 237. L. 330.

^[44] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 16. L. 12

^[45] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 16. L. 13

^[46] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 16. L. 15.

^[47] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 16. L. 19

^[48] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 16. L. 21.

^[49] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 16. L. 25-27.

^[50] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 18. L. 35.

^[51] ΓΑΡΦ. Φ. P-9507. Op. 2. D. 348. L.53.

^[52] GASO. F. R-2033. Op. 3. D. 24. L. 4-5.

^[53] On measures to improve educational, industrial and educational work in schools of factory training, craft and railway schools [Text] / Glav. upr. trud. reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. M.: [B. I.], 1941. pp. 1-2, 8-15.

^[54] GARF. F. R-9507. Op. 5. D. 196. L. 109.