The means of verbalizing will expression in a literary text as the dominants of the author’s idiostyle (exemplified by I. Bachmann’s novel "Malina")

Tolparova Dzerassa Valerievna ORCID: 0000-0002-7835-0567 senior lecturer; Department of Foreign Languages for Non-linguistic specialties; K.L. Khetagurov North Ossetian State University postgraduate student; Department of Romano-Germanic Languages; K.L. Khetagurov North Ossetian State University 362025, Russia, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Vladikavkaz, Vatutina str., 44-46 tolparova@yandex.ru

The imperative, which is known to be a means of verbalizing the category of volition, has a special meaning in the syntactic structure of the text organization, expressed in the property of motivating sentences to convey not only the semantic core of the utterance, but also the will of the speaker (order, request, desire, sentence, etc.). In other words, a statement containing volitional semantics includes It includes two modes – expressive and motivational, that is, according to researchers, such a statement "is both a message and an action: the speaker not only communicates his desire, but also tries to force the addressee to fulfill it" ^{[1, p. 70]}. According to A. Vezhbitskaya, "an imperative construction is a special construction used in a given language to express the meaning of "I want you to do something" with possible extensions to some other related meanings" ^{[2, p. 49]}. Accordingly, it can be argued that the imperative mood acts as a pragmalinguistic means of implementing a communicative attitude.

As T. V. Potapova points out, it is precisely the dual nature of imperative constructions, expressed in the ability to simultaneously perform descriptive and volitional functions, that explains their active use in speech acts at the stage of the emergence of human society, aimed mainly at warning other members of the community about the danger. Such imperative forms "had a deictic character and were expressed using primary vocabulary, which had a predicative character" ^[3].

This judgment is confirmed by the research of Professor Y. A. Pupynin, devoted to the study of the features of the first stage of speech assimilation by a child, characterized by a clear predominance of motivating situations and, accordingly, the use of "the main forms of their expression" – imperative and infinitive ^{[4, pp. 90-93]}. Consequently, motivational speech acts, being the core syntactic constructions, form the core of the communicative act.

The problem of incentive proposals was dealt with by many prominent scientists who focused on various aspects of the category of expression of will. Thus, V. V. Vinogradov linked the motive mode with the will of the speaking subject and attributed it to the emotional-volitional language, while emphasizing the special motivating function of intonation: "The imperative mood, expressing the will of the speaker, encouraging the interlocutor to become a producer, the subject of some action, belongs to the emotional-volitional language and is characterized by a special intonation. This intonation by itself can turn any word into an expression of command" ^{[5, p. 448]}.

A.M. Peshkovsky also emphasized the role of the intonation of a directive statement and pointed out the incompatibility of the imperative mood and scientific style, since the imperative is associated with emotions, which is not typical of a scientific text ^{[6, p. 392]}. The scientist distinguished between the concepts of "motivating speech" and "imperative speech", linking these phenomena with the corresponding intention of the speaking subject: "If we want to influence our interlocutor with our communicated thoughts, to act on his will, to encourage him to act one way or another, our speech can be called motivating speech. The latter case is divided into two: we can encourage the listener to tell us what we do not know, to answer our question – interrogative speech, and we can encourage him to do exactly what we order or ask him to do – imperative speech" ^{[6, p. 392]}.

Both incentive and interrogative sentences are always addressed to the recipient and require some kind of response or reaction from him. It is necessary to differentiate between ordinary interrogative sentences and questions with motivational semantics, since the former require an answer in the form of a verbal reaction to an utterance, while the latter imply a response to an interrogative expression. In other words, the recipient perceives the interrogative construction as an incentive to act.

Unlike A.M. Peshkovsky, who attributed interrogative sentences (along with imperative ones) to speech units of the category of motivation, V. S. Khrakovsky and A. P. Volodin considered it legitimate to call imperative sentences only statements that are used "for appellative communication and, in principle, do not require a verbal response" ^{[7, p. 7]}, that is, syntactic constructions that perform the function of expressing the speaker's will and are aimed at performing a specific action by the addressee of a communicative act.

In this article, we will adhere to the point of view that the category of the imperative mood, along with the dominant grammatical forms of verbalization of volition, includes interrogative sentences containing (implicitly or explicitly) an incentive to action.

The object of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, is the category of expression of will, and the grammatical means of verbalizing the semantics of motivation in the language of an artistic work were used as the subject. The research material is the prose novel "Malina" by Ingeborg Bachmann (1926-1973), one of the brightest representatives of German-language literature of the mid-twentieth century.

The purpose of this study is to identify the multilevel linguistic means of expressing motivational function in artistic discourse, which we consider to be idiosyncratic dominants of the Austrian writer.

The universal meaning of imperative structures is to encourage the addressee to respond verbally or nonverbally, while the ways of expressing this intention may take various forms. "The voluntary function of language in speech can be explicated through lexical means, morphological forms, intonation, word order, and syntactic constructions" ^{[8, p. 101]}. The lexical means of expressing will are verbs with the seme of motivation to act or prohibition: bitten – "to ask", befehlen – "to order", verbieten – "to forbid", etc. Lexical units most often act as auxiliary means for grammatical forms of expressing the imperative mood, forming the verbal core of the category of motivation, for which there are several ways to express it in the German language. At the same time, the grammatical form of the verb (number and person) depends on the addressee to whom the imperative statement is addressed.:

1. the form of the 2nd person singular (du-Form) is formed according to the formula "the basis of the infinitive + (in some cases) the suffix -e" and is used when addressing the interlocutor as "you";

2. The form of the 2nd person plural (ihr-Form) is formed according to the formula "the basis of the infinitive + the suffix -e(t)" and is used when addressing several interlocutors as "you". This form coincides with the form of the 2nd person plural in English;

3. The polite form of the 3rd person (Sie-Form) is formed by the formula "infinitive + pronoun Sie" and is used when addressing one or more interlocutors as "You". This form coincides with the form of the 3rd person plural in Pr ӓ sens;

4. The 1st person plural form (wir-Form) is formed by the formula "infinitive + pronoun wir" and is used when addressing the interlocutor(s) with a proposal to do something together. This form coincides with the form of the 1st person plural in Pseps (in Latin grammar – Adhortativ).;

5. The 1st person plural form (wollen wir-Form) is formed according to the formula "wollen wir + infinitive", it is used in the same way as the previous form when addressing the interlocutor(s) with an offer to do something together, but in this case the urge to act is expressed more politely. because for the author of the statement , it is important for the subject 's desire to perform this or that action;

6. The imperative form formed by the formula "lassen (sich) + infinitive" can also convey the semantics of motivation.;

7. The categorical form of motivation, expressed by the initial verb form (infinitive), allows you to verbalize an order or a prohibition – if used with the negative particle nicht.;

8. Modal verbs can act as a means of verbal expression of permission, advice, prohibition, suggestion, etc. (depending on the meaning of the modal verb itself);

9. The negative particle nicht is used to form the negative form of the imperative;

10. The mal particle reduces the degree of categoricality of an imperative statement.;

11. Interrogative sentences that require a verbal response or a non-verbal action (explicitly or implicitly) as a reaction are also considered in this article as motivational statements.

According to the study, Roman I. Bakhman is distinguished by a rather high density and variety of uses of means of expression of will. The statistical results of the study of the frequency of use in the novel "Malina" are given in the following table:

The table shows that for each page of the electronic version of I. Bachman's novel, there are 2 forms of verbalization of the motivation category (lexical or grammatical).

During the analysis of empirical material, it was found that the most common way of expressing the indicative mood in the language of the analyzed work is an imperative sentence with a predicate represented by a verb in the form of the second person singular.

Here are some examples:

Gib mir die Zeitung von heute. ^{[9, S. 112]}

Bitte stell doch diesen Kasten ab! ^{[9, S. 117]}

Bitte, ruf doch sofort den Sektionschef Matreier an, ruf den Minister an! ^{[9, S. 103]}

As you can see, in all three sentences, the predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present tense of the imperative mood. Utterances are a direct imperative, which is expressed in the semantics inherent in them of prompting a specific action: to give a newspaper, to remove a box, to make a phone call. It is noteworthy that at the end of the second and third sentences there is an exclamation mark, indicating a higher degree of expressiveness of the imperative construction. In the third sentence, this assumption is confirmed by the presence of duplication – the predicate ruf an is repeated twice. The author uses this technique to enhance the effect of urgency of the required action, which is reinforced at the lexical level by the particle doch.

However, the categorical expression of will in both syntactic structures under consideration (in sentences 2 and 3) is reduced by using the particle bitte, which gives the sentence a touch of politeness. The speech behavior of the main character of the novel is characterized by doubts and confusion, which is manifested in the text through the frequent use of the bitte lexeme as part of imperative constructions, for example:

Ich rufe leiser und lauter: Hallo! Bitte! So bleiben Sie doch bitte stehen! Eine Frau mit einer Einkaufstasche, die schon an mir vorübergegangen ist, wendet sich um und schaut mich fragend an. Ich frage verzweifelt: Sie mir bitte, bitte haben Sie die Güte, bleiben Sie einen Augenblick bei mir, ich muß mich verlaufen haben, ich finde nicht mehr weiter, ich kenne mich hier nicht aus, bitte, wissen Sie, wo die Ungargasse ist? ^{[9, S. 103]}

Despite the high density of imperative verbs used in the above passage, there is no increase in the degree of categoricality, which is achieved through periodic violation of the integrity of imperative structures by the bitte particle. For the same purpose, in our opinion, the modal verb k ӧ nnen is used, which gives the utterance a touch of politeness and reduces the degree of command (K ӧ nnen Sie mir bitte). It is noteworthy that this modal verb is part of an elliptical structure, which is usually understood as an incomplete syntactic construction with the omission of significant sentence elements that can be easily recovered from the context. The heroine does not finish her thought, throws the phrase in half. Her speech behavior can be described as agitated, which may be explained by the author's intention to convey the insecurity of the main character of the novel. As we can see, by means of ellipses in the analyzed passage, increased emotional tension is verbalized. "The deliberate omission of one or another member of a sentence ... is done in order to give the text expressiveness, expression" ^{[10, p. 69]}.

In such cases, we are dealing with an implicit expression of will, which is realized, among other things, as mentioned above, through interrogative sentences. For example:

Wie bitte? Was soll das heiβen? Hier braucht sich kein Mensch auszukennen. ^{[9, S. 122]}

The first syntactic structure is a truncated grammatical construction containing an indirect incentive for the interlocutor to repeat what was said earlier. The second interrogative sentence also implicitly calls on the recipient of the communicative act to explain the meaning of his statement. The third part of the analyzed example is not a question sentence, but it also reveals an implicit urge (prohibition). by using the verb brauchen in combination with the negative pronoun kein.

Let's analyze the implicit expression of will using the example of another interrogative sentence.:

Es klickt, eine lebendige junge Frauenstimme fragt ausgeschlafen: Ihre Nummer bitte? ^{[9, S. 28]}

The interrogative sentence, framed in the form of an elliptical construction "Ihre Nummer bitte?", illustrates an indirect urge to speech activity. At the same time, there is no grammatical basis in the sentence, but the semantics of the request is clearly read from the truncated grammatical structure by speculation, as well as by including the bitte lexeme in the utterance, which in this case acts as a particle.

It should be noted that implicit motivation is quite often expressed by means of an ellipsis, as, for example, in the passage below.:

“Was ich ihm wünschen soll, weiβ ich nicht, aber ich sage: gute Reise!” ^{[9, S. 48]}

The author of the statement wishes the addressee of the speech act a happy journey, using an incomplete grammatical structure in which the subject and predicate are missing, but the meaning of the remark is easily perceived by the reader, since the expression "gute Reise" has acquired the status of a stable phrase in the language with the modal meaning of optativity assigned to it.

Another example of an implicit elliptical imperative construction:

“Was ist das für eine Musik, Schluβ mit der Musik! Mein Vater tobt wie noch nie.” ^{[9, S. 84]}

The ellipsis in the presented sentence serves as a linguistic tool for verbalizing the demand to turn off the music, supported by an exclamation mark at the end of the utterance. Unlike the previous example, this phrase contains a more explicit motivation for action, but here, too, there is no predicate embodied by a verb with an incentive in the composition. Thus, the above excerpt from the analyzed work can be considered as an illustration of indirect motivation.

As you know, the dominant way to express the category of volition is the imperative, expressed by the verb in the form of the 2nd person singular, while, as a rule, imperative sentences are single-part constructions (with the missing subject in the composition), however, this circumstance does not make it difficult to understand the utterance, since the addressee is easily reconstructed from the verb form itself, expressing the urge to act (2nd person). The analysis of the factual material we have collected confirms this pattern. We also point out that the German language is characterized by the use of the imperative form mainly without personal pronouns, in contrast to the forms of polite address, in which the presence of the personal pronoun Sie is mandatory.

Bitte sagen Sie einfach, was Ihnen Spaβ macht. ^{[9, S. 18]}

However, in the analyzed novel, there are also cases of the use of the pronouns du and ihr in incentive sentences, which is explained, from our point of view, by the intention of the author of the utterance to focus on the personality of the addressee, to whom the motivation for action is directed. "The imperative presupposes direct contact between the commanding and the executor. This contact can be enhanced by the introduction of a pronoun or an address" ^{[1, p. 72]}. The results of the empirical research have shown that two-part imperative constructions are quite rare in I. Bachman's idiolect. The poetess resorts to using the personal pronoun of the 2nd person singular du in the grammatical role of the subject to enhance the effect of prompting an imperative construction, for example:

Ich: Geh du noch arbeiten bis zum Abendessen, ich rufe dich dann. ^{[9, S. 132]}

In the above example, the writer emphasizes the high degree of need for the interlocutor to perform the action by using the personal pronoun du, which indicates the firmness of the will of the heroine of the novel, the prototype of which, as is known, was the poetess herself.

During the analysis of the studied source of empirical material, there was a tendency for I. Bachman to use negative imperative constructions. Let's look at some examples:

Schw ӧr nicht. Vergiβ nicht, daβ du nie schwӧrst. ^{[9, S. 94]}

In this example, one of the dominant forms of the imperative is used again, namely, the verb of the 2nd person singular, but with the negative particle nicht, which together expresses the semantics of a prohibition or urgent advice not to do something.

As a result of the analysis of linguistic means of embodying motivation in the novel "Malina", it also became obvious that, along with the root forms of expression of voluntary semantics, incentive constructions with modal verbs are represented in the idiolect we are studying. For example:

Dann hӧ einmal genau zu

Du bist doch am Einschlafen

Jetzt natürlich nicht, ich bin doch nur müde

Du muβt aber die Müdigkeit ausschlafen

Ich habe das Haustor offengelassen

Müde bin ich schon, aber du muβt ja müder sein ^{[9, S. 29]}

The direct imperative (expressed by the verb h ӧ ren in the form of the 2nd person unit), being one of the dominant grammatical forms of verbalization of volition in the German language, unambiguously demonstrates the urge to a certain action. However, in the above example, the verb m üssen is used twice, conveying this obligation. It is noteworthy that only in one of the two cases of use this modal verb can be considered as a means of prompting action, namely in the line "Du mußt aber die mü digkeit ausschlafen", where the degree of imperativeness is noticeably reduced to the level of gentle advice to the interlocutor. As for the second case of using the verb m üssen, there is no direct or indirect expression of will in the line "M ü de bin ich schon, aber du mußt ja m ü der sein". The grammatical construction with the modal verb we are analyzing in its composition expresses only an assumption. In this case, it can be argued that modal verbs act as lexical means of verbalizing the category of motivation, since the voluntary content is manifested only through the internal semantics of modal verbs.

In combination with the negative particle nicht, modal verbs can convey the meaning of prohibition, for example:

Hier kӧnnen Sie nicht lӓnger bleiben, bei dem Gesindel in der Nacht, gehen Sie nach Hause! ^{[9, S. 73]}

In the above sentence, there is no direct prohibition in the form of an imperative as the dominant form of verbalization of voluntary semantics. The author used the verb k ӧ nnen in the negative construction "k ӧ nnen Sie nicht l ӓ nger bleiben" to express an indirect expression of will. This is followed by the imperative structure "gehen Sie nach Hause", which is a direct form of motivation.

Let's consider another type of motivational constructions used by I. Bachman in the novel "Malina". Quite often, imperative constructions expressed in the infinitive are found in the analyzed work of art, for example:

Ich rufe: Zahlen bitte! Her Professor Mahler, dem ich verwirrt für ein Erkennen mit einem Gruβ danke, schreit lauter: Zahlen bitte! Herr Franz lӓuft an uns vorbei und ruft zurück: Komme gleich! ^{[9, S. 48]}

The initial form of the verb, expressing an order, performs a voluntary function. Despite the author's use of the particle bitte, which, due to the initial lexical meaning of the verb lexeme bitten, usually softens the categorical utterance, the use of the infinitive as a volitional structure in this syntactic construction increases the degree of imperative of the incentive sentence.

Summarizing the above observations, the following conclusions can be drawn. The analysis of linguistic means of verbalization of the category of motivation, based on the novel "Malina" by Ingeborg Bachmann, showed that the idiolect of the Austrian writer contains almost all the means available in the German language for the embodiment of volitional semantics, both core, forming the core of the imperative mood, and peripheral, expressing the meaning of motivation indirectly. In other words, when organizing a literary text, the author, along with direct ways of expressing personal will, also uses indirect forms of expression of motivation.

Explicit forms of expression of will are represented by various forms of imperative constructions, among which the verb form of the 2nd person singular is characterized by the highest frequency of use. This form can be considered the idiosyncratic dominant of I. Bachman. Direct ways of conveying a voluntary meaning also include lexical ways of expressing motivation, which, however, in the formation of imperative structures, play the role of only auxiliary means in relation to grammatical means.

Implicit motivating properties are found in such linguistic phenomena as elliptical constructions, interrogative sentences, modal verbs, etc. In such cases, we are talking about an indirect motivation without a direct indication of the need to perform an action (verbal or non-verbal). The degree of imperativeness may decrease in this case.

The statistical data of the conducted research demonstrate the high density of Ingeborg Bachman's use of linguistic means of expressing volitional semantics at different levels of the organization of a literary text, which, in our opinion, indicates the writer's desire to force the reader to change the surrounding reality.