Phraseological units with a meteonym component in the Mari language

Lastochkina Elena Grigor'evna PhD in Philology Associate Professor; Department of Mari Language and Literature; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Mari State University 424002, Russia, Republic of Mari El, Yoshkar-Ola, 44 Kremlevskaya str., room 312 antrolea@mail.ru Other publications by this author

In the perception of the world by man, a certain place is occupied by climatic and weather phenomena that affect human behavior in the world around him, various aspects of his life, including economic, as well as well-being. Our ancestors were engaged in agriculture, so they monitored natural phenomena and weather changes, which is confirmed by the proverbs and sayings of the Mari people: Igechizhe weight gyn, kayykshat weight, murizhat weight. If the weather is different, then the bird is different, the singing is different. Keezhym kaszhara den erzhara vash uzhyt (ӧndalaltyt). In summer, the evening dawn is seen with the morning dawn (embracing) ^{[1, p. 28, p. 46]}

Meteorological vocabulary has ancient origins in its origin, it belongs to the main vocabulary of the Mari language. Meteorological vocabulary has its own national specifics, therefore it is part of the linguistic picture of the people.

A number of linguistic studies in the Mari language have been devoted to these names ^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]}, as well as scientific works in other related Finno-Ugric languages. Among them are the articles by A.N. Rakin on the borrowed component of the meteorological vocabulary of the Komi-Permian language ^{[7, p. 112]}, on the names of atmospheric precipitation in the Komi-Permian language [see 8, 9], on the genesis of the meteorological vocabulary of the Udmurt language, where the author notes that the ancestral fund has all the components of the ancient vocabulary: Proto-Ural, Proto-Finno-Ugric, Proto-Finno-Permian and Proto-Permian. This category of meteorological names has genetic correspondences in most modern Finno-Ugric (Uralic) languages ^{[10, p. 47]}.

We noted that this vocabulary is distinguished by its ancient origin and relative stability over many centuries, as well as sufficient representativeness in lexicographic sources. The study of lexical units associated with the designation of natural phenomena allows us to explore the features of the linguistic picture of the world, folk thinking ^[11].

In Russian linguistic science, meteorological vocabulary is considered in different aspects. Meteorological terminology, vocabulary and phraseology are mainly studied in detail, the linguistic and cultural originality of meteorological vocabulary is investigated ^{[12, p. 217]}; issues related to the conceptualization of meteorological phenomena in linguistic pictures of the world are considered ^{[13, p. 274]}; attention is paid to the study of meteorological metaphor ^{[14, p. 61]}; works appear, in which the description of meteorological phenomena is analyzed within the framework of functional grammar ^{[15, p. 487]}.

Meteorological phenomena are recorded in the language by special lexical and phraseological units called meteorological names. According to the Meteorological Dictionary, meteorological vocabulary is lexemes characterizing the state and structure of the atmosphere, heat turnover and thermal regime in the atmosphere and on the Earth's surface, moisture turnover in the atmosphere and on the Earth's surface, movement of the atmosphere and its parts, as well as electrical, acoustic and optical phenomena in the atmosphere ^[16].

Conceptual information can be reflected in words, phraseological units, parodies and texts. Vocabulary, as a rule, carries the main semantic load, it forms a linguistic picture of the world that determines the perception of reality by native speakers. But the national picture of the world is especially vividly reflected in the cliched units representing the results of the cultural experience of the people. The importance of phraseological units and paroemias in this regard is difficult to overestimate, since it is in them, as a rule, that the system of standards, value representations of native speakers, and their worldview are fixed. Culturally labeled components can be distinguished as part of cliched units, which often have a special semantic meaning: ethnonyms – words from craft terminology (names of objects of traditional crafts or occupations, clothing, shoes); anthroponyms, toponyms, urban names, hydronyms, etc. A special place among them is occupied by meteorological names. Despite the fact that the set of meteorological names included in phraseological units and paroemias is rather universal, the semantics and connotations of the units themselves are of interest from the standpoint of linguoculturology ^{[18, p. 141]}. Therefore, in the article we will analyze phraseological units with a meteonym component in the Mari language from the point of view of their semantics.

The subject of our research is phraseological units with components-meteorological names in the Mari language.

The data from phraseological dictionaries served as the material for the study, as well as a card file compiled by us, numbering 121 Mari phraseological units with components-meteorological names.

Under the meteorological names (from Greek. "meteo" is the first component of complex words, corresponding in meaning to the word "meteorological" and Latin. "nomen" – name, title) we understand nouns that denote various states of nature, such as weather changes (precipitation, wind, temperature, etc.) and natural phenomena (fire, water, steam, etc.).

The word igeche "weather" is interpreted in the dictionaries of the Mari language as igeche I weather, climate. The motor and the weather are good. Tygai yshtӧ igechyshte say oz piizhymat tӱgӧ ok onion. In such cold weather, a good owner will not let his dog out on the street.

Ⅱ age, years. Even though the years are in a hurry, even though the years are not waiting ^[19].

In the meteorological dictionary, this concept is described as follows: WEATHER. The continuously changing state of the atmosphere. The weather in a given place at a given moment is characterized by a set of values of meteorological quantities; The weather over a certain period of time is characterized by a consistent change in these quantities or their average values over a given period ^[16].

According to the structure, meteorological names are divided into one-word and multi-word ^{[20, p. 91]}. In the modern Mari language, such groups of meteorological names can be distinguished, denoting the weather:

1. Meteorological vocabulary characterizing the general state of the weather: kechan is sunny, volgido is light, tyra is foggy.

2. Meteorological vocabulary characterizing temperature and atmospheric phenomena: shockingly hot, very cold, very cool.

Temperature is a value that characterizes the thermal state of the air.

For the nomination of hot weather, the words are used: shocksho is warm, hot, pesh shocksho is very warm, hot, chot shocksho is very warm, hot.

For the nomination of warm weather in the Mari language, the words are used: levy is warm, umyr is warm and quiet.

Cool weather: yualge, yuzhgata, yuap coolness.

Cold weather: East, South cold.

Igeche oyar, kechyval rӱdylan tӱnӧ pesh shoksho. The weather is clear, by noon it is very hot outside ^{[21, p. 136]}.

Igeche shoksho shoga. The weather is hot ^{[21, p. 132]}.

Tn ist. It's cold outside ^{[21, p. 165]}.

Kasvelesh tӱnӧ chotak yӱkshemdysh. In the evening, it got very cold outside ^{[17, p. 68]}.

3. Meteorological vocabulary characterizing the movement of air: mardezh wind, mardezhan windy, with wind, accompanied by wind, puash blow, monsoon, breeze.

This group may include the words: poran buran, mardezh wind, mardezh windy, mardezh whirlwind, tӱtan storm, tӱtan mardezh hurricane, lum tӱtan blizzard, etc.

Teve urem muchko lum tӱtan chotak podyl shyndysh yamshchikyn tugen kudalshe troikyz guy shӱken-muren erta. Outside, a blizzard whistles and howls like a three-man drunk driver ^{[21, p. 165]}.

Write mardezh uremyshte orysho guy lyoshka. The rushing wind on the street made a noise like a madman ^{[21, p. 166]}.

4. Meteorological vocabulary characterizing atmospheric moisture and precipitation: kuksho dry; devoid of humidity, arid, stormy at night, rainy, dank, slushy, rain, thunderstorm, heavy rain.

Mlande ӱmbake lapkan kechen kaishe woodaka fervor tygide yshtӧ yӱrym shӱveda. A low cloudy cloud spits fine cold rain ^{[21, p. 77]}.

Yyrvash chyla osheme: oral ӱmbal mamyk kӱpchyk gai osh pushkido lum dene levedalte, kumda pasu shiy terke gai volgalt kiya. Everything is white all around: the roof is covered with fluffy, soft white snow like a pillow, the wide field glitters like a silver plate ^{[21, p.36]}.

Imnem ulo - kychkash ok liy, pegem ulo - roalash ok liy, solam ulo - tchash ok liy. There is a black stallion – you can't hold it, there is an arc – you can't throw it, there is a whip – you can't whip (thunder, rainbow, lightning) ^{[22, p. 31]}.

Let's consider the semantic features of phraseological units with a component-meteonym in the Mari language.

Many phraseological units-meteorological names in Mari do not denote the weather, but show the life, way of life or emotional state of a person. According to semantic features, the following group of meteorological names in phraseological units can be distinguished:

1. Human appearance: mardezh vui windy head, mardezh vuyang frivolous person, mardezh vaksh gai frivolous, frivolous person.

2. The physical condition of a person: volgenche guy koyash quickly, swiftly flash by, mogyrlan yishtyn-shokshyn chuchesh throws it into heat, then into cold, lavyr gich lectash to get out of the mud.

3. Emotional state: neither Yosht, nor shock, it was neither cold nor hot, puito yandar kavashte seemed to be in a clear sky, Kӱdyrchӧ rashkalten thunder broke out.

4. The intellectual side: vujishto mardezh is the wind in the head, vujo yandar is a bright head.

5. Sphere of communication: mardezhysh mutym kyshkash to throw words to the wind, puito umshashke vdym podylash as if he had filled his mouth with water.

6. Moral: mardezh kushech pualesh from where the wind blows, lavyram kyshkash to throw dirt, telym lumym yodyn from the snow in winter you will not be interrogated.

7. The behavior and way of life of a person: if there is a wind in the head, lavyrash toshkash trample in the mud, mardezh vashtareh shvedash spit against the wind.

8. Living conditions and circumstances: clouds are gathering over your head, it's neither cold nor hot, you can go through fire and water.

9. Social life: The wind is walking (whistling) in your pocket, and the wind is blowing in your pocket.

The rating scale is an important component of the structure not only of a phraseological unit, but also of any lexical unit. There are three types of assessment (emotional coloring, connotation): positive, neutral and negative connotations.

Semantic features of phraseological units with meteorological components in the Mari language

The analysis of the selected phraseological units showed the following:

1. One group is represented by phraseological units with a negative assessment. Let's give examples of the FE of this group:

Mardezhym chumen kostash, mardezhym chymen kashtash razg., joke. (letters. wind (air) kicking walking). Kicking the wind (air). Loafing, loitering, wandering, staggering aimlessly, doing nothing.

Mardezh vui, mardezh vui razg., express. (letters. windy head). ◊ Windy head (head). A frivolous, frivolous, fickle, windy person.

Ist man (shM-Chonan), G. St ingn (SMN) Accel., neodobr. (lit. with a cold heart (soul). Heartless, soulless, callous, unkind, indifferent, unfriendly; unable to love fervently and strongly, sympathize, be responsive, kind, etc. in a relationship with someone, to someone, to something ^[19]

2. The next group is represented by FE containing a neutral assessment. Here are examples of phraseological units of this group:

Poon yr yresh razg., express. (letters. <like > pooh, the rain spits (it's drizzling). There is a fine drizzling rain.

Chatlama yoshtӧ razg. (letters. cracking frost).A very strong, cracking frost.

Chyl-chyl <volgido> dene razg., express. (letters. with a chyl-chyl, – an invented sl., denoting a flicker of light, a dim, uneven, fluctuating shine, <with light >). It's barely light. Very early, at dawn; early in the morning, at dawn, early in the morning, early in the morning ^[24].

3. Phraseological units with positive emotional coloring form another group. Here are examples of phraseological units of this group:

Volgido vui (ush), soty vui (oy)razg., express. (letters. a bright head (mind). ◊ A bright head. A clear and logical mind (someone has L.).

Volgido vuyang (ushang), soty vuyang (oyan)razg., express. (letters. with a bright head (mind). With a bright head. Clear, logical, intelligent ^[23].

Yuj (keche) semynak (guy) kӱlesh razg. (letters. as the air (sun) is necessary). To the extreme, extremely necessary; absolutely necessary.

Shoksho shm, razg., express. (letters. a hot heart) ◊ Someone has a hot heart-L. About someone who is capable of strong feelings, experiences; ardent, passionate ^[24].

Below is a diagram where you can clearly see the quantitative ratio of phraseological units of the component-the meteorological name on the rating scale, numbers mean the number of phraseological units with meteorological names.

Fig. 1. Phraseological units with a meteonym component in the Mari language.

There are significantly fewer phraseological units with positive emotional coloring than with negative and neutral emotional coloring. This can be explained by the fact that people often tend to have a negative attitude towards any type of precipitation, regardless of the geographical place of residence. Also, with negative and positive examples, through phraseological units with meteorological names, the characteristics of a person's character are shown, and with neutral FE, the state of nature without emotional coloring is shown.

Among the selected phraseological units based on the material of the Mari language, it can be noted that the largest group is represented by phraseological units denoting the characteristics of a person or his actions. Let's give an example: shocksho shm razg., expression. (letters. a warm heart). About someone who is capable of strong feelings, experiences; passionate, passionate. The second group is represented by phraseological units denoting weather phenomena. Let's give an example: Chatlama is a very strong, cracking frost.

Based on the data obtained, we can conclude that the phraseological units of the Mari language are "aimed" primarily at describing the qualities and characteristic features of a person, that is, the metaphorical transfer of the meaning of this hydrometeor to a person. The significant predominance of phraseological units denoting the characteristics of a person or his actions indicates a close connection between the human world and the weather world, as a result of which there is the same metaphorical transfer of the meaning and image of a phraseological unit with a component-a hydrometeor to a person and his actions. In such cases, phraseological units describe a person's character rather than his external characteristics. The next group consists of phraseological units that directly denote weather phenomena, which indicates the importance of weather phenomena in the life of the Mari people.

Based on the analysis of the paroemias with the meteonym component, it is obvious that in the Mari linguoculture, meteorological names are not only an element of the dictionary for denoting natural phenomena, but also a component of the conceptosphere "weather", which reflects the views of the Mari people on the world around them, their worldview and worldview. Thus, phraseological units with a meteonym component contain universal concepts that characterize linguistic and cultural specifics.