The experience of the development of private museums in Russia in the context of public-private partnership in the 1990s- 2020s.

Kostitsyn Stanislav Sergeevich Postgraduate student; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia 6 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117198, Russia ofisrudn20144@mail.ru

The creation and development of a private museum in most cases represents the fruits of the enthusiasm of individuals who realize the opportunity to exhibit their own private collections to visitors. Being very in demand in terms of offering interesting aesthetic experience, they need small preferences, the range of which was systematically expanded in the 1990s-2000s, and the state began to provide them free of charge or with deferred obligations.

Such preferences include:

- the ability to effectively purchase high-quality goods and services at a lower price;

- assistance in the implementation of projects of cultural significance and bringing the idea to a final state in which the museum has everything necessary for conducting exposition and exhibition activities;

- administration of the museum by managing institutions and provision of consulting services within the framework of the PPP support program, etc.

According to the Global Infra Hub resource, the cultural industry in Russia consists of only 2% of private investments ^[1].

If we consider a private museum as an investment project, then an investor pursuing the goal of creating a working business often turns to the help of public authorities. In this regard, it can be noted the creation and development of a regulatory framework for the development of public-private partnerships in the 1990s-2000s.

For example, one of the serious steps taken by the state in terms of the long-term development of public-private partnership was the relevant federal law "On Public-Private Partnership, Municipal-Private Partnership in the Russian Federation and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation", adopted in 2015, under which the acquisition of assets involves an equal division risks between an individual and the state. An investor who considers the creation of a private museum as an investment project, by virtue of the provisions of the law, will be able to buy or lease a cultural object and use it as collateral. In case of changes in legislation or macroeconomic conditions in the state, the investor will have a guarantee of return on invested funds. Under these conditions, an investor can apply for the construction or restoration of a cultural facility without having to seek an offer from the state. This investor's right is explained by the "right of private initiative".

In the Russian Federation, the mechanism of public-private partnership is implemented in the activities of private museums along with theaters, libraries and other cultural heritage sites ^[2]. This is especially important for the development of small museums such as the "World of Stone" (Barnaul) ^[3], the "Museum of Perfumery" (St. Petersburg) ^[4] and others.

By increasing the range of business opportunities, the state proposes the use of the following preferences based on public-private cooperation:

- obtaining ownership of real estate that is an object of cultural heritage;

- use of the premises or building on the basis of a lease agreement or on a gratuitous basis;

- putting into management a real estate object registered as state property;

- outsourcing of works and services of a state-owned enterprise, etc. ^[5].

Within the framework of the existing model of public-private partnership, a business for conducting museum activities on the basis of a lease agreement can receive a real estate object and is obliged to fulfill the agreed requirements in accordance with the goals of preserving the object in its original form. In addition, in the mandatory conditions, there may be a clause on the use of the object for its intended purpose.

At the same time, the model where the state and business interact on an equal footing is not only popularized, but also presents new opportunities for business enthusiasts to guarantee a return on their investments. Among the most successful, we can consider several implemented projects in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. For example, the Goncharov Linen Factory Estate Museum, located in the Kaluga Region, is an important cultural object of the region. The purpose of its restoration was to preserve the original appearance of the building and increase the tourist flow in the region. This object is included in 30% of estates of federal and regional significance, which were preserved thanks to private or state financial support. In this case, a private investor independently restored the building and undertook management activities ^[6]. The parties involved in the implementation of the plan were the Ministry of Economic Development of the Kaluga Region, as well as the private company Alpinex-Austria. Investments in the project amounted to 90 million rubles from a private company, while the state side provided management and household services. The result of this decision was an increase in socio-cultural discourse among the younger and older generation; activation of cultural and educational activities within the walls of the museum-estate: conducting excursions, lectures, events; attracting tourists from other regions and, accordingly, replenishing the budget.

The decree of the Government of the Moscow Region "On approval of the procedure for establishing preferential rents and their amounts in relation to cultural heritage objects owned by the Moscow region" allowed at the legislative level to create favorable conditions in which private investors will benefit and safely engage in the restoration and operation of estates. The key factor was the equal distribution of the financial burden between the public and private parties. As a result, since 2013, more than 30 cultural heritage sites of the Moscow Region have been leased to 11 private investors on preferential terms ^[7].

Several successful projects have been implemented in the Voronezh Region based on various forms of cooperation between several stakeholders. For example, with the involvement of the public Fund, the House of Officers was restored as a private museum. An agreement was concluded between the municipal authority and the Foundation, which approved the joint use of the facility ^[8].

Implementation of the project of the private museum complex "Kolomenskaya pastila. A tasteful story"" required the efforts of several companies, such as Innovative Enterprise LLC "Introduction of Modern Technologies" in partnership with the Center for Cultural Initiatives, as well as the Social Fund ^[9].

The Union of Museums of Russia is of great importance for the development of the entire sphere, which influences the conclusion of appropriate agreements on the development, creation or restoration of cultural institutions ^[10].

Among the prospects for the development of public-private partnership in the museum sector is the development of a centralized system for collecting and publishing information on the implementation of these projects, including projects at the federal and regional levels.

In an effort to realize their plans for the implementation of museum projects, major market players collect and process information from official sources in order to fill in the lack of information and form a list of the most relevant objects for cultural activities. For example, the InfraONE Research company annually compiled a list of promising museum projects containing basic information on large-scale projects (more than 1 billion rubles). These projects, planned for implementation, required the involvement of a private party, mainly to cover capital costs. They indicated the forms of project implementation, the level of readiness to launch the project, the timing of agreements, etc. The reports of InfraONE Research for the period up to 2021 allowed us to establish the main trends in the implementation of museum projects:

- an increase in the total number of projects with a decline in capital expenditures;

- reduction of the average amount of implemented projects by almost 4 times in 2021;

- increasing the use of concession agreements in the implementation of museum projects;

- an increase in the share of investments in the activities of museums among other projects for the development of cultural facilities (17% of all costs) ^[11].

Other prospects for the development of public-private partnership in the museum sector are related to the development of regulatory and legal frameworks, which affect, among other things, not only the development of management decisions to ensure projects, but also the selection of employees and their professional development when supporting projects within the framework of public-private partnership ^[12].

Thus, public-private partnership is an effective model for the implementation of a project in the museum sector, the participants of which are equally interested and share responsibility among themselves. The terms of cooperation are approved by a concession agreement or an agreement on public-private partnership, the development of public-private partnership is important not only in the economic, but also in the socio-cultural aspects of government and business activities. The prospects for the development of public-private partnership in the field of museum activities are in the plane of the implementation of the corresponding social request.