Features of the functioning of the union combination "a to eshe" (more)

Starodumova Elena Alekseevna Doctor of Philology Professor; School of Regional and International Studies; Far Eastern Federal University 690090, Russia, Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok, Ajax str., 10 starodumova@list.ru

Luk'yanova Viktoriya Viktorovna ORCID: 0009-0009-2747-236X Postgraduate student; School of Regional and International Studies; Far Eastern Federal University 690091, Russia, Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok, Ajax str., 10 vi8va@ya.ru

This study is a fragment of the general theme "The particle is still in stable combinations." In terms of syntagmatic activity, it is still significantly superior to other particles. There are many official formations that include the particle more, in particular combinations with unions: and more, and more, and more, and more, and more, and others. Such combinations have varying degrees of stability — from free combinations to phraseologized formations that function as an integral union. The latter case is represented, for example, by a union and even in an aggravating sense ^{[1, pp. 269-279]}.

The subject of this study is the union combination or else, which is quite common in modern speech, but not recorded in lexicographic sources. Let's present the main uses of this combination with examples: But the treatment dragged on and on. I fought for my career — I went to the best specialists in Washington, Amsterdam. Yes, I went everywhere! But everyone said it was better to end your career. And then you will still be disabled ... [Mysin N. Ex-eighth racket of the world Anna Kournikova: Burst into tears from pain — and left… // Soviet sport, 07/10/2010]; They collect it in a pile, and that's it. "It's scary to look at it. Previously, they were strained, more than two meters were forbidden to leave logs, and they sawed, rolled out. And now the whole logging trucks are abandoned, stacks of business timber. And then they burn the dried grass. They will be harvested, not taken out and burned." [Alexey Tarasov. In a slow-motion disaster area. It is no longer the priests or the state, but global climate change and environmental catastrophe that drive away the Old Believers // Novaya Gazeta, 04/08/2018].

In the National Corpus of the Russian language, 1002 examples with this combination were found in the main subcorpus, 173 examples in the newspaper subcorpus, 23 examples in the poetic corpus, 143 examples in the subcorpus of social networks.

Before determining the values and functions of the whole combination, it is necessary to consider the values of its components: the union or even the particles.

Let's turn to the meaning of the union and then.

The union is represented in all explanatory dictionaries as a multi-valued one. Let's highlight only those values that appear in combination or else. In explanatory dictionaries, as the first meaning of the conjunction, otherwise, the synonymous with the service words "otherwise", "otherwise" is noted: Hurry up, otherwise you will be late. Shut up, or I'll shoot you with a filthy gun like a partridge. Be sure to come, otherwise he will be offended ^{[3, p. 121; 4, p. 200; 5, p. 158]}. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of combinations equivalent to the word" by R.P. Rogozhnikova, a general term is used for this meaning — a separator. The examples given in this dictionary are: It's a good thing we were at home, otherwise you would have had to go back. / It's dark here, you have to walk carefully, otherwise you might fall. B. Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago ^{[6, p. 31]}. This meaning in modern linguistic literature is indicated by the term "alternative motivation", introduced into linguistic usage by V.A. Beloshapkova ^{[7, p. 135]}. The second kind of dividing meaning in R.P. Rogozhnikova's dictionary is "attaching the last homogeneous member of a sentence in a row or a sentence with alternating actions, synonymous with "or": She straightens her hair, strokes the table with her palm, touches the end of the tablecloth, otherwise she folds her arms and sits. / He works, then plays with his brother, or he'll suddenly go outside. Proskurin, Midday waters" ^{[6, p. 31]}. These meanings of the conjunction and are also represented in Russian grammar: "sentences with the conjunction and are related to compound ones with separative relations, that is, with relations emphasizing mutual exclusion, incompatibility, or with connective-separative, that is, improper separative, suggesting a synthesis of identity and differentiation. In a modally complicated relationship, mutual exclusion is concretized as a separation of an assumed or alternatively motivating nature. An alternative motivating meaning is formed as a result of the synthesis of two semantic components: mutual exclusion and hypotheticism" ^{[8, p. 544]}. Examples are given: Do not get out at the stops, otherwise you will go for a walk, and the train will leave (Panova); Lie down against the wall, Andryusha, or you will fall out of bed sleepy (Sholokhov) [Ibid., p. 544]; Let's drink tea, — forty-first hosts: grabs sugar, a loaf, and then climbs paws right into the hot milk (Bianchi); woodpeckers are crowing, an oriole is singing, jays are gnashing.., otherwise geese will sweep past her (V. Fink) [Ibid., p. 545].

The most detailed description of the meanings and uses of the union and is contained in the monograph by I.N. Kruchinina "Structure and functions of the compositional connection in the Russian language". The author defines a as a compositional union of oppositional-separative semantics, formed on the basis of the use of the union a with the function of entering a negative topic-condition and in semantic volume equal to the expression "and if not ... then ...": Give me your hand, or you will fall. / Come, or I'll be offended ^{[9, p. 183]}. We will present detailed information from this monograph when describing the first meaning of the union formation or else.

So: as part of the formation, and then the union and then is used in two main meanings, combined by the term "separateness": alternative motivation and the actual dividing meaning: mutual exclusion.

Let's turn to the value of the particle in combination or else. Also, a multi—valued particle. For example, in the "Dictionary of Russian Particles" by E. Shimchuk, M. Shchur, 12 values of this particle are given ^{[10, pp. 61-64]}. In combination, or else the particle is used in two meanings. As an excretory particle, it also expresses the addition of new objects or situations to existing ones that take place: Bring me more bread. In addition to moral torments, he also had to experience physical ones: he rubbed himself with a corn. Who else is in the house? As a modal particle, it also expresses the undesirability of the supposed, possible: Run, run, get warm on the go! You'll freeze again! Don't tell your father, he'll get mad! [Ibid., pp. 61-64].

The same meanings are highlighted in the monograph "Lexicographic portraits of service words" ^{[11, p. 28, p. 40]}.

Based on the analysis of the uses and even those highlighted in the NCRE, two main meanings of this combination have been established: alternative motivation and a separating value with addition.

The first value is an alternative motivation, this value is used to warn, warn the addressee about an undesirable situation (1), to express the speaker's fear (2).

(1) A warning. In a sentence with a combination of and, it is also reported that something undesirable may happen if it is not done as stated in the previous sentence. For example: — Nothing, the language will bring you to Kiev, — said the adjutant and sternly added: — Go into the vestibule, otherwise another mine will strike and I will be responsible to the general. [Vasily Grossman. Life and Fate, part 1 (1960)].

I.N. Kruchinina, considering the meaning of the conjunction a, notes in the first component the modality of unreality, expressed by the forms of the subjunctive and imperative moods, which, in relation to the forms of the indicative, create the meaning of justification, manifested as:

The reason for the urge: Open it quickly, or I'll get soaked to the bone. /Let's have a drink, my soul," he continued, sighing, "otherwise it has become very difficult. Chekhov ^{[9, p. 186]}.

The rationale for the necessary: You need to get some air, otherwise you're completely sour. / I need to dry out, otherwise I'm soaked and vegetating. Chekhov [Ibid., p. 187].

Justification of the intention: I'll buy you a new hat, otherwise you look like hell in this one. Chekhov. So I'll go somewhere! Because here the longing just crushed my heart. Turgenev [Ibid., p. 187].

The rationale for what you want: You should go study with Stepa, otherwise he's sitting over a book and crying. He doesn't understand something again! / I want to recover from this squeaky life for an hour or two, otherwise I'm too slow, like an old mouthpiece. Chekhov [Ibid., pp. 186-187].

In our material, in contexts with a combination of or else in the first component, as with the union of or, modal meanings of unreality, hypotheticism are expressed, which manifest themselves as will, necessity, intention, desirability. Here are some examples:

Expression of will:

You're not going to drive for me. — Well, fuck you and your car. And the Semenovs are yours too. — Don't sit forward. Or else he'll throw up. [Andrey Gelasimov. You Can (2001)].

— Hey, soldier with a shovel, — shouted the head of the engineering service, General Tkachenko, — dig a groove here quickly, or else fire will flow from that hill! [Vasily Grossman. Life and Destiny, part 1 (1960)].

In the meantime, Misha, go to bed, or else you'll oversleep school because of the dog. [Anna Russian. Don't ask why, or rainy summer // "Far East", 2019].

Let them decide for themselves with Brexit, it's not our business, or else they will accuse us of something, he joked. [Putin's big press conference on the Day of the Security Officer: journalists attracted the president's attention with unusual outfits and attributes // NEWSru.com , 12/20/2018].

Necessity or lack of necessity (with negation):

And you have to run to the kitchen so that it doesn't burn, and hurry the guests to eat before it gets cold, and you have to shout at the children so that they don't spin under your feet, or else, God forbid, you'll scald someone... [Anatoly Rybakov. Heavy Sand (1975-1977)]

It is necessary, it is necessary to invite him now, otherwise he will be offended. His tone seemed to condemn the struggle against the enemies of the people, a struggle in which, as Novikov knew, Hetmanov participated. And again Novikov looked at Getmanov and could not understand him. "Yes," Novikov said slowly and reluctantly, "someone broke some firewood at that time. [Vasily Grossman. Life and Fate, part 1 (1960)].

[Vova Milich (husband)] I don't need to answer, otherwise you'll provoke me into sharpness, and then you'll rat on me. ["Deutsche Bank's Russian accent." Comments on the article (2015.10)].

Pregnant women don't belong here. I came here — but in vain. You need to sit quietly... or else there will be other applicants for the fruit of your womb," he announced, having somehow stopped laughing. [G. M. Artemyeva. Veil on a tree (2012)].

"When I was there, I told Mr. Erdogan: maybe we shouldn't talk publicly about some things now, we shouldn't tease the geese, otherwise they will fly here tomorrow," he said. [The president's 2014 anniversary press conference began with Putin's promise to bring the economy out of crisis in two years // NEWSru.com , 12/18/2014].

Intention:

—Well,— he said, still uncertainly. — But I won't give you the phone. I'll call you myself. You never know. Otherwise you'll scare me. They're now, you know... — Call, — he said, — find out, yeah? And give me a call right away. And here's the thing... don't you have a grid? [M. S. Galina. Rigel // "Volga", 2012].

Sanya hesitated. —Yes, go ahead," Sergunkov remarked ungraciously. — One of our people will be there too. "Indeed, I will go, otherwise they will think that I am afraid," Sanya decided. "All right, pick me up," she said to Kazachkov. — The law! — He exclaimed, spreading his hands. — Where the masses go, the leaders go. [Boris Mozhaev. Sanya (1957)].

— Let's go to the beach. It's freer to talk about anything there. They came to the bank, Lankov's father lit a pipe, looked around at all sides and said: "So be it, I'll tell you, otherwise you'll make trouble with your conversations. [P. P. Bazhov. The Blue Snake (1945)].

Because they must have run out of my genetic material.) But I still haven't received an answer. But now I know that it's better not to approach UFOs. Yes, I won't do it now, or they'll tell me some other joke! [Alexander MESHKOV. My soul is light after meeting with UFOs // Komsomolskaya Pravda, 02/23/2012].

Desirability:

[Gaplikov Sergey Anatolyevich, husband, head of the Komi Republic] He is / they say / a duck/ his age. Yes, what age is it? You can't catch up with him! He started running around the classrooms / I think / "My God/ just to make it / or else they'll say/ that the head of the republic did not have time for the rector." [Meeting in the administration of Moscow City University with the participation of Sergey Gaplikov (2015)].

— You should go home, brother, or else you will fall into the Swedish clutches and your dapper caftan will be pulled off you. [Yu. P. German. Russia is young. Part Two (1952)].

"Oh, Anton," Nyusha pleaded, feeling the guy's breath on the back of her head. — You'd better get off. I'll do it alone. Otherwise, they'll see us and say no matter what. — And let them talk, let them! Anton muttered. — What should I hide!.. I'm worried about you... [A. I. Musatov. The earth is young (1960)].

Suddenly the snow became wet, puddles appeared yesterday... how to walk? And there were 2 holes on my warm boots.. it is inconvenient to walk in them… Hurry up, hurry up!.. It wouldn't take too long.. Otherwise you'll get stuck! I want to go to Leningrad as soon as possible — to beauty, to people! At the beginning of April, rubber boots came — it became possible to walk ... although there are very few places where you will go! *** [N. P. Fedorova. Diary (1962)].

(2) Fear.

In this variety, alternative motivation manifests itself in relation to the speaker. And then it introduces a hypothetical situation that is extremely undesirable for the speaker.

After these words, Spiridonov thought: "It's good that they are distilling to the Urals, otherwise I'll completely disappear here. [Vasily Grossman. Life and Destiny, part 3 (1960)].

From the very beginning, as soon as I saw the crowd, I started calling the police, and there the answering machine asks me to wait, I did not, hung up, and when the shots rang out, I was scared, hid, or else they would see," the 65—year—old woman recalls with a shudder. [Ekaterina SARYCHEVA (KP Orenburg). Teenagers staged a bloody massacre right near the school in Orenburg // Komsomolskaya Pravda, 10/22/2013].

—Of course," I said. — Yes, I can't, — the man whimpered, — how can I write this letter? Where should I start?.. Not able... Otherwise, something else is wrong... — Let me write, — I volunteered, — you give me the facts, the facts, and I'll do it... [Bulat Okudzhava. The art of cutting and living (1985)].

When I see Congolese children killing each other with weapons manufactured in Pennsylvania, and at the same time a well-fed uncle passionately proves that the sale of weapons should not be restricted in any case, I feel disgusted. I would not like to develop this topic further, otherwise my corpse will suddenly turn up somewhere on an abandoned road in Portugal (laughs). [Julia Rinch.. Ethan Hawke: We Americans are one step away from a nightmare! // Komsomolskaya Pravda, 06/12/2013].

The second value is also a separator, which is accompanied by an addition value. The roles of the union and the particle are clearly distributed here: the union or else in these examples has a separating value, and the particle also creates an addition value. This meaning manifests itself in different syntactic formations: or else it introduces a new statement (1) or connects homogeneous terms (2).

(1) In the first case, something else is used at the beginning of the sentence:

And the doggie has to get behind me. It was only then that I realized that this dog was my disease and that there would be no place for it in the kingdom of heaven. Lukerya was silent for a minute. "I also had a dream," she began again, "or maybe it was a vision for me—I don't know. It seemed to me that I was lying in this very basket and my late parents — father and mother — came to me and bowed low to me, but they themselves did not say anything. [I. S. Turgenev. Living Relics (1874)].

You travel to Sochi for a long and tedious time, sometimes hiding in the dark from a helicopter rocket, reading a book. They're also serving tea. ... You are now — sliding down the wall, spinning in the hospital, pushing the girl away — just his memory. [Eugene Edin. A tank made of a broom // "October", 2013].

— And who will be left to be interested in nickels? The owner shook his head. — They say they have a special gas, it even spills iron. So, if they let him on me or on you, then what's left of us, huh? And then there are still such searchlights — as they lead the beam, so there is no city! "Death rays," my new acquaintance laughed. [Yu. O. Dombrovsky. The Curator of Antiquities, part 2 (1964)].

I already found it indecent to read "Lenin and the Stove Maker" at the end of my first academic year. And the poetic story about visiting the Lenin museum, in my opinion, had nothing to do with me: "I'll take you to the museum," my sister told me, "but I didn't have a sister, this is one time, and there was a museum, this is two, not in Leningrad, but in Moscow, by me not yet visited—how can I read aloud about going to a museum I've never been to, and even with a nonexistent sister? It won't be true. Or else: "Little Lenin looks affectionately from the cover of the notebook with a smile in his eyes." Well, where does that fit? No, I was addicted to children's poems about Lenin. [I grew up in literature lessons ... // Izvestia, 05.10.2017].

(2) In sentences with the meaning of addition, or else it is often used in the ranks of homogeneous members, completing them.

All the way, he fidgeted like a dog on a fence, despite the snowfall, stuck his bald head out the window, turned it right and left, or else made some signs to me like a cyclist. [Andrey Volos. Real Estate (2000) // "New World", 2001].

She appeared in public always combed, thoughtfully dressed, shining with her greenish quiet eyes; he, on the other hand, wore a loose shirt, trousers torn from his expeditions, or even barefoot. [Daniil Granin. Bison (1987)].

— I'm tired of it taking six years. From the fact that over all these years he has been to Moscow four... no, five times. The hotel "Ukraine"... "Tourist"... And then there's the room of a friend who went to the cinema (The years and films of 1980: 277-278). [N. B. Lebina. Man and woman Body, fashion, culture. USSR -- Thaw (2014)]

From time to time, voices could be heard from the stairwell, or else the echoing rumble of steps under someone's hurried feet: boo-boo-boo-boo! Boo-boo-boo-boo! [Andrey Volos. Real Estate (2000) // "New World", 2001].

He kept talking about his work, as if he was going to go out and get down to business tomorrow, and from time to time he made remarks, the meaning of which I did not catch at all; Pavel jumped from one to another, or even briefly mentioned unknown people as if I lived side by side with them, knew the whole story, and therefore, what Pavel told me about them was understandable and funny to me. [Andrey Volos. Real Estate (2000) // "New World", 2001].

The separating value can be accompanied by the value of addition with gradation. I.N. Kruchinina defines the particle in such a combination as a gradation one, emphasizing the element of pumping significance: She will never fall behind, or else she will cry. Pomyalovsky ^{[9, p. 189]}. Note that the gradation here has a downward character – from bad to worse.

And the biologists themselves were aware that they were not only opposed to Lysenkoism. All these years, the Bison felt pity and sympathy for the emigrants. At the same time, there was a secret superiority of a person who has a homeland. Now they threatened to turn him into an emigrant, or even into a non-returnee. That's an ugly word! Fortunately, his refusal, and the whole scandal, was not perceived as a political action. [Daniil Granin. Bison (1987)].

A significant part of the babies were forgotten at train stations, or else they were stolen by gypsies or replaced in maternity wards. [Andrey Volos. From the life of odnoglavy // "October", 2013]

In the past, there would be a negative review in the newspaper and immediately " organizational issues": the book set would be scattered, the play would be banned, the script would be put on the shelf. Or else they'll put you in jail. They say: but still there were a lot of good things. [Vladimir Voinovich. About this and that // Literaturnaya gazeta, 13.01.1997].

As soon as Elena rubs the floors to shine, they will surreptitiously throw sand, pour water and spread dirt, or else they will slip broken glass under the rug. [Arkadiev Lev is a film dramatist. SHE EXECUTED THE EXECUTIONER // Labor-7].

The value of gradation is most clearly manifested in combination with the comparative: and then + more (+ comparative).

I caught herring in autumn, smelt in winter, and flounder in spring. When there was no desire or opportunity to go far, I walked "to the bay" — the Amur Bay, which splashes from the western side of our Vladivostok. He took me with him — sometimes to the Russian Island, then further away, to the Suifun or Lefu rivers (after the great anti-Chinese renaming in 1972, they are called Razdolnaya and Silty, but old-timers do not recognize new names). And then even further — to a geological expedition, where there were no fewer fish than stones. [V. O. Avchenko. Crystal in a transparent frame. Stories about Water and Stones (2015)]

The most frequent is the comparative "worse", which aggravates the negative assessment.

At any moment, they may find out that she lives illegally, be expelled from the city, or even worse, be arrested for speculation. [I. Grekova. The Masters of Life (1960)].

It is necessary, absolutely necessary, either to return his bucks to him, or to give him heroin... But what about the missing cocaine? Won't the Cart decide that it was Borya who called the second gang?.. Or even worse, he will suspect that the riot police call is Boris's handiwork. Then that's it, Borenka, you've been dreaming in this world. That's for sure. And no one will know where your grave is!.. [Sergey Taranov. Avengers (1999)].

And I swam. I felt strong, and noble, and courageous, damn me completely! How many times have I told myself that I am not worthy of this woman. For me, a prostitute from Tverskaya, or even worse, a homeless woman from Kievsky railway station. "I'm sorry,— I say. "I'm a brute, and that's all." "No,— he says. [Eduard Volodarsky. Diary of a Suicide (1997)].

You will arrange with him, at his own request, that I will send her to him for the whole day next Sunday. Ida and Lyusha arrive at the Pool at the appointed hour, but he is not at home. You will arrange that he will come to us on Wednesday, after Lusha's nap, at 5, and he comes on Thursday, at 9 p.m., when she has already fallen asleep, and demands to be woken up. And even worse — on Sunday, taking Lusha to himself for the whole day, he will feed her jam: "Eat with a big spoon right out of the jar! .." He will drag the girl to the Astoria restaurant for lunch, and to the European one for dinner — a solid cake and ice cream! — or from one friend to another, forgetting to take off her coat, hat, leggings at a party... [L. K. Chukovskaya. Dash (1980-1994)].

Thus, as a result of the conducted research, it was found that in the two highlighted values, each component of the combination or else performs a certain function. In the first meaning, which can be schematically represented as "and that + more", the conjunction and that expresses the meaning of alternative motivation, and the particle emphasizes this meaning and introduces an emotional coloring. In the second meaning, we can talk about a stable combination of something else, where something else has a separating value, and the particle still expresses the value of addition.