Translate this page:
Nota Bene. Books, journals, publishing technologies.
Please select your language to translate the article


You can just close the window to don't translate ☒
Library
 Your profile
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Back to contents

International Law and International Organizations
Reference:

Savryga K.P. Extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors in international law

Abstract: Right of states to use force in international law is one of the most controversial and important question in public international law. Despite the general prohibition on use of force expressed in the Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter, there are many disputes about the actual scope of the prohibition and possible justification. It is obvious that the legal rules must adapt to the contemporary challenges faced by international community to provide convenient and legitimate solution which would not contradict the current international legal order. In this article the author considers the question of extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors. Analyzing legal norms and doctrinal position that has fully developed by the end of the XX century and their development after the events of September 11 and threat of global terror faced by international community, author comes to the conclusion that the current legal norms and legal doctrine recognize the right of states to use force extraterritorially against non-state actors.  

Keywords:

war on terror, terrorism, extraterritorial use of force, self-defence in international law, non-state actors, use of force, right to self-defence, international security law, international law, international terrorism

This article can be downloaded freely in PDF format for reading. Download article


References
1. Tumanov G.K. Pravomernost' obrashcheniya k pravu na samooboronu v otnoshenii negosudarstvennykh aktorov v ramkakh mezhdunarodnogo prava Pravo i bezopasnost'.2012. ¹2. C.83-85
2. Stepanchenko A.A. Mezhdunarodno-pravovye aspekty primeneniya sily v poryadke samooborony protiv terroristicheskikh organizatsiy, nakhodyashchikhsya na territorii inostrannykh gosudarstv Altayskiy yuridicheskiy vekstnik.2014.¹2. C.38-41
3. Egorov S.A. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. M.2013. C.1087
4. Klein P. Le droit international a l ’ epreuve du terrorisme // Recueil des Cours (2006),vol. 203,P.203-484
5. Skakunov E.I. Samooborona v mezhdunarodnom prave. M. 1973. C.176
6. Skotnikov L.A. Pravo na samooboronu i novye imperativy bez-opasnosti // Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn'. ¹ 9. 2004. C. 3-15
7. Deklaratsiya o printsipakh mezhdunarodnogo prava, kasayushchikhsya druzhestvennykh otnosheniy i sotrudnichestva mezhdu gosudarstvami v sootvetstvii s ustavom ONN. Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON. 2625, Annex, 25 UN GAOR, Supp. (n.28), UN Doc. A5217,
8. Wettberg G., The International Legality of Self-Defence against Non-State Actors .2007.P.139
9. Varfolomeev A.A. K voprosu o samooborone ot negosudarstvennykh sub'ektov // Moskovskiy zhurnal mezhdunarodnogo prava. 2012. ¹4,C.44-58
10. Beginyan K.A. Vooruzhennaya agressiya pod predlogom samooborony // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo.1959, ¹1. C.121-127
11. Zimmermann A. The Second Lebanon War: Jus ad bellum, jus in bello and the Issue of Proportionality // Max Planck Yearbook of UN Law.2007.vol.11.P.112-115
12. Yihdego Z. Ethiopia’s Military Action Against the Union of Islamic Courts and Others in Somalia: Some Legal Implications // International and Comparatively Law Quarterly. 2007.vol.56.P.666-676
13. www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Documents/Treaties/text/Non%20Aggression%20Common%20Defence%20Pact.pdf.
14. White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America ,: www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf
15. Wengler W. Das vtslkerrechtliche Gewaltverbot. Probleme und Tendenzen.Springer .1967. P.13-14
16. Walter C., Voneky S., Roben V. (eds), Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Freedom?.Springer. 2004. P.1479
17. Verdross A. and B. Simma, Universelles Volkerrecht.Berlin. 1984. P.469
18. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States) (Nicaragua case) [1986] ICJ Rep 14
19. van Herik L. The Security Council’s Targeted Sanctions Regimes: in Need of Better Protection of the Individual // Leiden Journal of International Law.2007. vol.20.P.797-807
20. van Krieken P., Terrorism and the International Legal Order .Asser.2002.P.141
21. Tams C. Use of Force against Terrorists// European Journal of International law.2009,¹2. P.359-397
22. Travalio G. Terrorism, International Law, and the Use of Military Force // Wisconsin International Law Journal.2000.vol.18.P.145-191
23. Singh W. The Right of Hot Pursuit on Land : an Inaccurate and Unfortunate Analogy from Law of Sea // Civil & Military Law Journal on Rule of Law, Military Jurisprudence and Legal Aid.2006.vol.42.P.71
24. US Department of Defence. Operation Inherent Resolve: General Overview.
25. UN Doc. S/2002/1012
26. Simma B., Mossler H., Bernhardt R. (eds.), Die Charta der Vereinten Nationen .Munchen.1991. P.360
27. Taft P. Self-Defense and the Oil Platforms Decision // Yale Journal of International Law.2004.vol.29. P.295
28. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 731
29. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 748
30. Schachter O. The Enforcement of International Judicial and Arbitral Decisions // American Journal of International Law,1960, vol.54, p.1
31. Schachter O. The Lawful Use of Force by a State against Terrorists in another Country // Israeli Yearbook on Human Rights.1989. vol.19. p. 213-214
32. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 568 (1985).
33. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 573 (1985).
34. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 527 (1982),
35. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 546 (1984),
36. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 1530
37. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 1735
38. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 1438
39. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 1456
40. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 1267.
41. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 1368
42. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 1373
43. Rezolyutsiya Soveta Bezopasnosti OON. 1377;
44. Ruys T. Quo Vadit Jus ad Bellum? A Legal Analysis of Turkey’s Military Operations against the PKK in Northern Iraq // Melbourne Journal of International Law.2008.vol.12. P.334-364
45. Ruys T. and Verhoeven S. Attacks by Private Actors and the Right of Self-Defence // Journal of Conflict & Security Law. 2005. Vol.10. P.314-417
46. Poulantzas N.The Right of Hot Pursuit in International Law.Brill. 2002.p.468
47. Raab D. Armed Attack after the Oil Platforms Case // Leiden Journal of International Law. 2004,vol.17. p.719-735
48. Lubell N. Extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors. Oxford. 2010.P.320
49. ICJ, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States) (Nicaragua case) [1986] ICJ Rep 14, separate opinion of President Singh
50. Neff S. War and the Law of Nations. Cambridge. 2005,p.456
51. Murphy S. Protean Jus ad bellum in Giegerich T. and Zimmermann A. (eds), A Wiser Century? Judicial Dispute Settlement, Disarmament and the Laws of War 100 Years after the Second. Hague Peace Conference. 2009. P.1120
52. High-Level Panel Report, ‘ A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change ’ (UN Doc. A/59/565), Annex I (Recommendations)
53. Lobel J. The Use of Force to Respond to Terrorist Attacks: The Bombing of Sudan and Afghanistan // Yale Journal of International Law.1999.vol.24.p.537
54. ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004, [2004] ICJ Rep 131, Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans,
55. Lachs M. General Course on Public International Law // Recueil des Cours (1980-IV),vol.169. p.229-342
56. Kuhn M. Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defence // South African Yearbook of International Law. 1980, p.42
57. Kammerhofer J. The Armed Activities Case and Non-State Actors in Self-Defence Law // Leiden Journal of International Law.2007.vol.20, pp.89-133
58. Jennings R. The Caroline and McLeod Cases // American journal of international law.1938.vol.82. P.157
59. ICJ, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, A.O. ICJ Report 2004.
60. Guillaume G. Terrorisme et droit international // Recueil des Cours (1989-III). Vol.215.P.287-416
61. Gray C. International Law and the Use of Force.Oxford.2010.P.430
62. Goodrich L. and Simons A. The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security.Washington: Brookings. 1955.P.398
63. Glennon M. How International Rules Die // Georgia Law Journal.2005.vol.93.P.399
64. Gill D.The Temporal Dimension of Self-Defence: Anticipation, Pre-Emption, Prevention and Immediacy // Journal of Conflict & Security Law. 2006.vol.11,P.361-369
65. Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON. 42/22 (1987).
66. Gazzini T., The Changing Rules on the Use of Force in International Law . Juris. 2005. P.266
67. Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON. 2131 (XX)
68. Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON. 2625 (XXV)
69. Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON. 3314 (XXIX)
70. Rezolyutsiya General'noy Assamblei OON. 41/38 (1986)
71. Finucane B. Fictitious States, Effective Control, and the Use of Force Against Non-State Actors // Berkley Journal of International Law. 2012.vol.30, p.35-93
72. Franck T. Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defense // American Journal of International Law. 2001.vol.95.p. 839
73. Fleck D. Gill T. The handbook of international law of military operation. Oxford. 2011.P.686
74. Dinstein Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defence. Cambridge. P.408
75. Cot J.P. and Pellet A. (eds.), La Charte des Nations Unies.Paris.Economica.1985.p.237
76. Dahm H. Das Verbot der Gewaltanwendung nach Art. 2(4) der UNOCharta // Jahrbuch fur Internationales Recht. (1961 – 1962).vol.10. p.54-56
77. Cortrigh D., Lopez G. The Sanctions Era : Themes and Trends in UN Security Council Sanctions since 1990 , in Lowe V. et al. ( eds), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945.Oxford. 2007.p.205
78. Corfu Channel case(UK v.Albania) ICJ Rep.1949
79. Caroline case (USA v. United Kingdom), 1837, RIAA vol.xxviii. pp.55-62
80. Case concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) (Oil Platforms case) , Judgment of 6 Nov. 2003, [2003] ICJ Rep 161, dissenting opinion of Judge Elaraby
81. Cassese A. Return to Westphalia? , in Cassese A.(ed.), The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force.Dordrecht.1986. p.700
82. Bowett D. Self-Defence in International Law .Manchester.1958. p.341
83. Bruha T. and Tams C. Self-Defence Against Terrorist Attacks. Considerations in the Light of the ICJ’s Israeli Wall Opinion ’ , in K. Dicke et al. (eds.), Weltinnenrecht. Liber Amicorum Jost Delbrock.Munchen.2005. p.587
84. Delbruck J. The Fight Against Global Terrorism: Self-Defense or Collective Security as International Police Action? // German Yearbook International Law.2001.vol.44 p. 449
85. Bowett D. Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force // American Journal of International Law. 1972,vol.66. pp.1-36
86. Arntz J. Der Begriff der Friedensbedrohung in Satzung und Praxis der Vereinten Nationen. Berlin.1975. P.198
87. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda (DRC– Uganda case) 19 December 2005, ICJ Rep 201
Nota Bene
 
For authors
 
Other
 
Our sites
© 1998 – 2024 Nota Bene. Publishing Technologies. NB-Media Ltd.